Two problems are considered. First, it is shown experimentally that the amount of viscous fluid left on the walls of a horizontal tube, when it is expelled by an inviscid fluid, reaches an asymptotic value of 0.60 of the amount required to fill the tube, when the parameter μU/T is increased, μ and T being the coefficients of viscosity and interfacial surface tension respectively, and U the velocity of the interface between the two fluids. Secondly, by neglecting the inertia terms in the equations of motion and the effect of gravity, a theory for the passage of this type of bubble is presented, together with experimental results in support of the theory. It is shown that such a solution is only valid under certain other restrictions, and then only to within half a tube diameter of the nose of the bubble.
Experimental confirmation of some streamline patterns suggested by Taylor (1961) is described. It is shown, also, that when a viscous fluid is expelled from a tube by an inviscid fluid, the interface has a ‘localized’ effect on the fluid ahead of the interface between the two liquids, that is, the usual Hagen–Poiseuille law is obeyd in the viscous fluid except for the region behind a point about 1½ tube diameters ahead of the bubble.Use of a recently developed tungsten-iodide lamp is also described.
This paper presents the qualitative findings from the first national survey of New Zealand nurses' views on spirituality and spiritual care. The importance of spirituality as a core aspect of holistic nursing care is gaining momentum. Little is currently known about New Zealand nurses' understandings, perceptions and experience of spirituality. Design: A descriptive online survey. Method: A random sample of 2000 individuals resident in New Zealand whose occupation on the New Zealand electoral roll suggested nursing was their current or past occupation were invited via postcard to participate in an online survey. This paper reports on the free response section of the survey. Findings: Overall, 472 invitees responded (24.1%). From the respondents, 63% completed at least one of the optional free response sections. Thematic analysis generated three metathemes: 'The role of spirituality in nursing practice', 'Enabling best practice', and 'Creating a supportive culture'. Conclusions: Spirituality was predominantly valued as a core aspect of holistic nursing care. However, clarity is needed surrounding what constitutes spiritual care and how this intersects with professional responsibilities and boundaries. Participants' insights suggest a focus on improving the consistency and quality of spiritual care by fostering inter-professional collaboration, and improved provision of resources and educational opportunities.
A comparison of the site distribution of cutaneous malignant melanoma in New Zealand and Canada was performed. This series deals with 41,331 incident cases registered between 1968 and 1990 and is the largest to date to evaluate the influence of age and gender on the site distribution of melanoma. Site-specific, age-standardized rates per unit surface area and relative tumour density were assessed by gender and country and differences compared with statistical techniques adapted to this context. The age-standardized rates for all sites were higher in New Zealand than in Canada, the ratio being 3.2 for men and 3.8 for women. Occurrence of melanoma was denser for chronically than intermittently exposed sites in both New Zealand and Canada. The highest incidence rate per unit area was for the ears in men which was more than 5 times the rate for the entire body in each country. For each gender, melanomas were relatively commoner on the trunk and the face in Canada, and on the lower limbs in New Zealand. The variations in the site distribution were similar in each country and consistent with the effect of differential patterns of sun exposure between genders. Our results show that the levels of risk of melanoma between phenotypically comparable populations exposed to different amount of UV radiation vary in a site-specific manner, especially for intermittently exposed sites. This suggests that both environmental conditions and lifestyle factors influence the site distribution of melanoma in these two populations. Although exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been identified as the chief environmental risk factor for skin cancer among Caucasians (IARC, 1992), the aetiology of cutaneous malignant melanoma (hereafter referred to as melanoma) is not fully understood. The site distribution of melanoma has been important in generating aetiological hypotheses about the disease. As determinants of the anatomical site distribution have not yet been elucidated, some speculation has occurred about the mode of the carcinogenic process involved (Lee and Merrill, 1970;Green, 1992).Unlike squamous cell carcinoma and, to a lesser extent, basal cell carcinoma which are strongly associated with UVR and frequently observed on heavily exposed sites such as the face and the neck, the back of the hands and the forearms (Pearl and Scott, 1986;Levi et al., 1988;Osterlind et al., 1988;Kaldor et al., 1993), melanoma has long been known to occur commonly on less sun-exposed sites, such as the trunk for men and the lower limbs for women (Lee and Yongchaiyudha, 1971;Davis, 1976;Crombie, 1981). However, when differences in surface area between anatomical parts of the body were considered, risks of the same order of magnitude have generally been reported for melanoma occurring on chronically and intermittently exposed sites, although substantial variation existed between studies (Elwood and Lee, 1975;Elwood and Gallagher, 1983;Pearl and Scott, 1986;Osterlind et al., 1988;Green et al., 1993;Franceschi et al., 1996). The occurrence of melanoma...
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