In this study we compared the ability of conventional and field-emission scanning-electron-microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDX) to visualise and map inorganic nano and microparticles in Southern pine (Pinus sp.) treated with an aqueous dispersion of micronised copper-carbonate and iron oxide. Conventional SEM-EDX was able to detect areas of the wood microstructure that contained higher concentrations of copper and iron, but EDX maps were affected by drift and specimens suffered beam damage. The high brightness of the FESEM's electron beam at low accelerating voltages reduced beam damage and helped when mapping the distribution of copper and iron particles. The clarity of EDX maps was further improved by using drift-correction software and by mapping low energy X-rays. FESEM-EDX was able to resolve individual copper and iron microparticles. We conclude that FESEM-EDX shows promise as a means of resolving and mapping the distribution of inorganic metal particles in wood and that this may lead to greater use of the technology as interest in the treatment of wood with inorganic nano and microparticles grows.
Summary The electrical submersible pump (ESP) is a key artificial-lift technology to the petroleum industry. Worldwide installations of ESPs are in the range of 130,000 units, contributing to approximately 60% of the total worldwide oil production. An ESP is made up of hundreds of components integrated together to perform the lifting function. Materials in these components belong to several categories including metals, ceramics, polymers, and others. A good understanding of these materials and careful selection for a specific application are critical to the reliability and run life of an ESP system. In this paper we present an overview of two classes of materials used in ESP systems: metallic and ceramic materials. A subsequent paper is planned to discuss all other categories of materials. Our intent is to provide a reference for ESP field-application engineers who are responsible for ESP design, component selection, equipment longevity, and production optimization. The information compiled in this paper is a result of extensive literature review. We cover materials used in the motor, protector, pump, and cable (sensor, packer, Y-tool, diverter valve, surface components of variable-speed drives, and transformer not included). For each class of materials, we identify relevant material properties and discuss suitable application conditions.
Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) is a key artificial lift technology to the petroleum industry. Worldwide installations of ESPs are in the range of 130,000 units, contributing to about 60% of the total worldwide oil production. An ESP is made up of hundreds of components integrated together to perform the lifting function. Materials in these components belong to several categories including metals, ceramics, polymers, and others. A good understanding of these materials and vigilant selection for a specific application are critical to the reliability and run life of an ESP system. This paper presents an overview of two classes of materials used in ESP systems: metallic and ceramic materials. A subsequent paper is planned to cover all other categories of materials. The intent is to provide a reference for ESP field application engineers who are responsible for ESP design, component selection, equipment longevity and production optimization. The information compiled in this paper is a result of extensive literature review. It covers materials used in the motor, protector, pump, and cable (Sensor, packer, Y-tool, diverter valve, surface components of variable speed drives and transformer not included). For each class of materials, it identifies relevant material properties and discusses suitable application conditions.
Summary Electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are a key artificial-lift technology in the petroleum industry. Worldwide, installed ESPs in oil wells are in the range of 130,000 units, contributing to approximately 60% of the total oil production in the world. An ESP is made up of hundreds of components integrated to perform the lifting function. Materials in these components belong to several categories, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and others. A good understanding of these materials and vigilant selection for a specific application are critical to the reliability and run life of an ESP system. This series of papers provides an overview of all major classes of materials used in ESP systems. It is intended to serve as a reference for ESP field-application engineers who are responsible for the design, equipment longevity, and production optimization. This paper focuses on polymers and other materials. The information compiled in this paper is the result of an extensive literature review. We cover materials used in the motor, protector, pump, and cable (sensor, packer, Y-tool, diverter valve, surface components of variable-speed drives, and transformer are not included). For each class of materials, we identify relevant material properties and discuss suitable application conditions.
Electric Submersible Pumps (ESPs) is very popular artificial lift systems to boost oil production now days. Home ofmany ESP installations, with high frequency of change outs per year and with the harsh production environment, a development of ESP technologies to reduce change-out time and improve run life is keep ongoing. These technologies address business challenges timely in a proactive approach. Currently deployed ESPs require a time-consuming rig installation on jointed tubing. With several factors such as: an average run life of three years for ESPs, a rig-based change-out time of up to two weeks offshore, and an uncertainty of when a rig can be scheduled; the need for a more rapid rigless solution is critical for future operations. Majority of the ESP installation are completed as part of tubing completion and deployed by drilling rig which requires high spending to recover the well during ESP replacement. Several types of technologies to deploy ESP rig-lessly were introduced into industry to optimize the retrieval and deployment cost during ESP replacement. Limited success story was recorded and open more thought to overcome the challenges. The first worldwide new reliable cable rigless deployed electrical submersible pumping (ESP) system was successfully installed and put on production. What makes this system unique concept and the first worldwide of its kind are two main components. The first component is the innovative cable hanger design that insures total cable isolation while providing a non-restricted flow through the tubes that are built into the body of the spool. The second component is the specially designed and manufactured CT from selected material that has high resistance to H2S and CO2 and it was made exactly fit the ESP cable providing full protection from corrosive wellbore fluid. This design aimed to boost production of oil wells with lower ESPs installation and replacement cost. The new system eliminates the need for and expensive rig to replace the ESP and accelerate production restoration. This system will be a great addition especially for offshore environments where not only the rig intervention costs are expensive, but also limited rig availability can delay ESP replacement. This paper will share the concept, design, field implementation planning and technical challenges, lesson learnt during preparation and installation of this first of kind system.
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