The various factors affecting the performance of oil spill dispersants have been studied in the laboratory using a simple test to emulsify the oil in the water. The observations have been confirmed by spraying oil onto the sea followed by overspraying with dispersant. It was found that viscosity of the oil or mousse was the main limitation that influenced the droplet size distribution. Energy of agitation had a minor effect but there was no evidence that the “self-mix” dispersants required less energy for adequate dispersion.
Contrary to previous reports ethanol has been found to interfere with the colorimetric determination of formaldehyde and glycollic acid with 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulphonic acid (chromotropic acid) or 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene in concentrated sulphuric acid. The effect is greater for glycollic acid than for formaldehyde. The mechanism for these observations is given.DURING the study of the rheological properties of some sodium carboxymethylcelluloses a routine method for the determination of the sodium glycollate impurity was required. The standard procedure, developed by Eastenvood,l involves the preliminary removal of the salt impurities by washing with hot (50" to 60" C), 80 per cent. aqueous ethanol until the wash liquor no longer gives a positive test for chloride ions. The glycollic acid content of these ethanolic wash liquors is then determined by a colorimetric method based on the conversion of glycollic acid into formaldehyde, and its determination with chromotropic acid. Optical density measurements are made at 570nm, and are related to concentration by using a calibration graph prepared for a series of standard aqueous glycollic acid solutions.The use of standard aqueous solutions of glycollic acid is based on previous observations by Bricker and Johnson2 that ethanol and methanol do not interfere with the colour reaction in the determination of formaldehyde. In a later paper, Bricker and Vai13 modified their procedure to remove volatile organic impurities after adding chromotropic acid but before adding concentrated sulphuric acid. Even so, they were still of the opinion that these two specific alcohols did not, in fact, interfere with the colour development of the formaldehyde. This view is also supported by the later work of Ekberg and S i l~e r ,~ and B e r o~a .~ A conductimetric method more suitable for the routine determination of sodium glycollate was developed,6 but when it was applied to the ethanolic wash liquors from sodium carboxymethylcellulose it was found to give consistently higher values for the glycollate content than those obtained by the colorimetric method of Eastenvood. Subsequent investigation revealed the discrepancies to be caused by the interference by ethanol in the colour development with chromotropic acid. This led to a re-appraisal of Easterwood's method and that of the standard colorimetric determination of formaldehyde in ethanolic solution with chromotropic acid.The chemistry of the reaction ofchromotropic acid with form aldehyde is not known with certainty. Feigl' postulates that, as aromatic hydroxy compounds condense with formaldehyde to yield colourless hydroxyphenylmethanes, it is probable that the initial step consists of a condensation of the phenolic chromotropic acid with formaldehyde, followed by oxidation to a 9-quinonoidal compound of the type shown below-SO,H SO,H ' A ' C H J < > / \ H O < d
This study aims to define the drying kinetics of two types of human fecal matter, stabilized sludge removed from South African pit latrines and unstabilized fresh fecal material collected from healthy donors in the United States. For the purposes of this study the effects of convection, temperature, and relative humidity on the overall drying kinetics were determined. The differences in drying kinetics observed between stabilized and unstabilized material are hypothesized to be related to increased free water content in the stabilized material. Additionally, we explored a fast and efficient method that could be utilized by in-situ waste treatment technologies to increase the free water content of fresh fecal matter to decrease drying time. The outputs from this study are expected to provide insight for the development of onsite sanitation facilities with in-situ treatment of fecal matter and enable production of a stabilized product that is safe for transport or resource recovery.
Techniques for the removal of stranded water-in-oil emulsion were compared in a series of trials held on a firm beach at Pendine, South Wales during the period 7–11 November 1983 in cooperation with the local authority and the local Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food inspectors. A technique of scraping the beach with a stiff rubber blade mounted between two pieces of wood and clamped to a mechanical shovel or hoe was found to be very successful and collected the emulsion comparatively free from sand. The use of large gulley suckers or the WSL designed Springsweep air assisted transport system were found to be effective at oil recovery but limited by the slow flow of the pollutant to the intake of the device. The Springsweep system was also capable of lifting the oily waste off the beach rather than having to attempt the concentration of the recovered liquid in a collection pit.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.