We have determined the organization within the terminal domains of the major large double‐stranded RNA genetic elements associated with the hypovirulent strain EP713 of the chestnut blight pathogen Cryphonectria (Endothia) parasitica. Only the polyadenylated strand contained long open reading frames. Furthermore, only RNA of the same polarity as the polyadenylated strand was detectable in a single‐stranded form, indicating that the polyadenylated strand is the coding or plus strand. The organization of the 5′‐proximal portion of the plus strand consisted of a 495 nucleotide non‐coding leader sequence followed by two overlapping open reading frames. The first, ORF1, extended 957 nucleotides while the second, ORF2, began 68 nucleotides upstream of the ORF1 termination codon and extended at least 1412 nucleotides. No open reading frames of significant size were detected within 0.8 kb of the poly(A) tail. In vitro translation of synthetic transcripts containing ORF1 yielded a polypeptide of Mr 29 kd. The ORF1 product was also detected in lysates of the hypovirulent strain but was absent in lysates of the isogenic virulent strain. It represents the first protein to be identified as a gene product encoded by a hypovirulence‐associated double‐stranded RNA genetic element.
There have been inconsistencies in the literature regarding asymmetrical neural control and results of experiments using TMS techniques. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further our understanding of the neural relationships that may underlie performance asymmetry with respect to the distal muscles of the hand using a TMS stimulus-response curve technique. Twenty-four male subjects (12 right handed, 12 left handed) participated in a TMS stimulus-response (S-R) curve trial. Focal TMS was applied over the motor cortex to find the optimal position for the first dorsal interossei muscle and to determine rest threshold (RTh). Seven TMS intensities ranging from 90 to 150 % of RTh were delivered in 10 % increments. One single TMS block consisted of 16 stimuli at each intensity. Peak-to-peak amplitudes were measured and the S-R curve generated. In right-handed subjects, the mean difference in slopes between the right and left hand was -0.011 ± 0.03, while the mean difference between hands in left-handed subjects was -0.049 ± 0.08. Left-handed normalized data in right handers displayed a mean of 1.616 ± 1.019 (two-tailed t test p < 0.05). The left-handed group showed a significant change in the normalized slope as indicated by a mean of 1.693 ± 0.149 (two-tailed t test p < 0.00006). The results found in this study reinforce previous work which suggests that there is an asymmetry in neural drive that exists in both left- and right-handed individuals. However, the results show that the non-dominant motor hemisphere displays a greater amount of excitability than the dominant, which goes against the conventional dogma. This asymmetry indicates that the non-dominant hemisphere may have a higher level of excitation or a lower level of inhibition for both groups of participants.
SUMMARYA full length cDNA copy of the NS mRNA of the Missouri strain (Hazelhurst subtype, New Jersey serotype) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been cloned and sequenced. The mRNA is 856 nucleotides long (excluding polyadenylic acid) and encodes a protein of 274 amino acids (mol. wt. 31000). Comparison with the NS gene of the Ogden strain (Concan subtype, New Jersey serotype) showed 15 ~ difference at the nucleotide level and 10Y/oo difference at the amino acid level; the majority of the changes were located in the Y half of the mRNA. Comparison with the NS genes of two strains representing the Indiana serotype showed about 50~ nucleotide and 33 ~ amino acid sequence homology between the serotypes. In a four-way comparison of the proteins, two regions of higher homology were noted which may be of functional importance. Eighteen potential phosphorylation sites (Ser or Thr) were conserved between the four proteins; five of these sites correspond to the residues which have been suggested to be constitutively phosphorylated and may be essential for NS activity.
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