Fungi are highly diverse organisms, which provide multiple ecosystem services.However, compared with charismatic animals and plants, the distribution patterns and conservation needs of fungi have been little explored. Here, we examined endemicity patterns, global change vulnerability and conservation priority areas for functional groups of soil fungi based on six global surveys using a high-resolution, long-read metabarcoding approach. We found that the endemicity of all fungi and most functional groups peaks in tropical habitats, including Amazonia, Yucatan, West-Central Africa, Sri Lanka, and New Caledonia, with a negligible island effect compared with plants and animals. We also found that fungi are predominantly vulnerable to drought, heat and land-cover change, particularly in dry tropical regions with high human population density. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include herbaceous wetlands, tropical forests, and woodlands. We stress that more attention should be focused on the conservation of fungi, especially root symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi in tropical regions as well as unicellular early-diverging groups and macrofungi in general. Given the low overlap between the endemicity of fungi and macroorganisms, but high conservation needs in both groups, detailed analyses on distribution and conservation requirements are warranted for other microorganisms and soil organisms.

Fungi are key drivers of nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.One important guild of fungi form ectomycorrhizas (ECM), a symbiosis between fungi and plants in which fungal hyphae enclose the plant's fine root tips. The fungi provide nutrients and protection from pathogens in exchange for carbon from the plant (Smith & Read, 2008). Approximately 8% of described fungal species are thought to take part in ECM symbiosis (Ainsworth, 2008;Rinaldi et al., 2008).Although only about 2% of land plant species form ECM, these include ecologically and economically important stand-forming trees belonging to both temperate and boreal groups such as Pinaceae and Fagaceae, and tropical groups such as Dipterocarpaceae, Uapaca (Phyllanthaceae) and Fabaceae tr. Amherstiae (Brundrett, 2017), together representing approximately 60% of tree stems globally (Steidinger et al., 2019).Although ECM fungi form many well-known mushrooms (e.g. Amanita, Cantharellus, Boletus), some instead produce inconspicuous (e.g. Tomentella) or no (e.g. Cenococcum) fruitbodies. Even when fruitbodies are large, they are ephemeral, so study of ECM communities

Fungi are highly important biotic components of terrestrial ecosystems, but we still have a very limited understanding about their diversity and distribution. This data article releases a global soil fungal dataset of the Global Soil Mycobiome consortium (GSMc) to boost further research in fungal diversity, biogeography and macroecology. The dataset comprises 722,682 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) derived from PacBio sequencing of full-length ITS and 18S-V9 variable regions from 3200 plots in 108 countries on all continents. The plots are supplied with geographical and edaphic metadata. The OTUs are taxonomically and functionally assigned to guilds and other functional groups. The entire dataset has been corrected by excluding chimeras, index-switch artefacts and potential contamination. The dataset is more inclusive in terms of geographical breadth and phylogenetic diversity of fungi than previously published data. The GSMc dataset is available over the PlutoF repository.

A magnetic octupole filter set in a 90°curve produces Ϸ10 8 cold Rb atoms/s by filtering low-velocity particles from a thermal source. We measure the speed distribution of Rb exiting the filter to be 3.5 K using a Rydberg-atom time-of-flight scheme in which Rb is excited via the process 5s 2 S 1/2 →5p 2 P 3/2 o →32d 2 D. We develop a general theory of the transmission and speed distribution of particles emitted from such a source including nonadiabatic effects. A detailed Monte Carlo simulation using the theory accurately reproduces the experimental results. We show that for Cs, Li, and Rb atoms and S 2 molecules, nonadiabatic effects do not dramatically effect the performance of the filter, and that the output flux temperatures for a wide variety of filter configurations are well fit to a simple functional form.

It is shown that Maxwell's equations in a vacuum do not allow for a local maximum in the value of the electric field E 2 , but do allow for a local minimum. Such a field minimum creates a trap of neutral particles that exhibit a Stark effect. Specific criteria are given for the design of such a trap and results of numerical calculations of sample trap potentials are presented.

We introduce a new laser detection scheme for the OH radical that employs 1+1 X 2 Π H D 2 Σresonance enhanced excitation to a high-lying Rydberg state followed by field ionization. We place an upper limit of 8 ns on the lifetime of the D 2 Σstate. We also correct published values for T 0 for the D 2 Σstate, provide a new value for the energy of the 6s 1 11p 1 3 P 1 0 state of Hg (81 807.6 cm -1 ), and measure the rotational temperature of OH radicals produced in the photolysis of formic acid at 212.6 nm to be 300 ( 50 K. Our REMPI probe might be suited to studies that require both sensitive detection of the OH radical combined with accurate kinetic energy information.

Despite increasing knowledge on host-associated microbiomes, little is known about mechanisms underlying fungus-microbiome interactions. This study aimed to examine the relative importance of host genetic, geographic and environmental variations in structuring fungus-associated microbiomes. We analyzed the taxonomic composition and function of microbiomes inhabiting fungal fruiting-bodies in relation to host genetic variation, soil pH and geographic distance between samples. For this, we sequenced the metagenomes of 40 fruiting-bodies collected from six fairy rings (i.e., genets) of a saprotrophic fungus Marasmius oreades. Our analyses revealed that fine genetic variations between host fungi could strongly affect their associated microbiome, explaining, respectively, 25% and 37% of the variation in microbiome structure and function, whereas geographic distance and soil pH remained of secondary importance. These results, together with the smaller genome size of fungi compared to other eukaryotes, suggest that fruiting-bodies are suitable for further genome-centric studies on host-microbiome interactions.

Mycorrhizal associations are widespread in high‐latitude ecosystems and are potentially of great importance for global carbon dynamics. Although large herbivores play a key part in shaping subarctic plant communities, their impact on mycorrhizal dynamics is largely unknown. We measured extramatrical mycelial (EMM) biomass during one growing season in 16‐year‐old herbivore exclosures and unenclosed control plots (ambient), at three mountain birch forests and two shrub heath sites, in the Scandes forest‐tundra ecotone. We also used high‐throughput amplicon sequencing for taxonomic identification to investigate differences in fungal species composition. At the birch forest sites, EMM biomass was significantly higher in exclosures (1.36 ± 0.43 g C/m2) than in ambient conditions (0.66 ± 0.17 g C/m2) and was positively influenced by soil thawing degree‐days. At the shrub heath sites, there was no significant effect on EMM biomass (exclosures: 0.72 ± 0.09 g C/m2; ambient plots: 1.43 ± 0.94). However, EMM biomass was negatively related to Betula nana abundance, which was greater in exclosures, suggesting that grazing affected EMM biomass positively. We found no significant treatment effects on fungal diversity but the most abundant ectomycorrhizal lineage/cortinarius, showed a near‐significant positive effect of herbivore exclusion (p = .08), indicating that herbivory also affects fungal community composition. These results suggest that herbivory can influence fungal biomass in highly context‐dependent ways in subarctic ecosystems. Considering the importance of root‐associated fungi for ecosystem carbon balance, these findings could have far‐reaching implications.