Summary The prostate gland produces prostatic fluid, high in zinc and citrate and essential for the maintenance of spermatozoa. Prostate cancer is a common condition with limited treatment efficacy in castration-resistant metastatic disease, including with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing to perform an unbiased assessment of the cellular landscape of human prostate, we identify a subset of tumor-enriched androgen receptor-negative luminal epithelial cells with increased expression of cancer-associated genes. We also find a variety of innate and adaptive immune cells in normal prostate that were transcriptionally perturbed in prostate cancer. An exception is a prostate-specific, zinc transporter-expressing macrophage population (MAC-MT) that contributes to tissue zinc accumulation in homeostasis but shows enhanced inflammatory gene expression in tumors, including T cell-recruiting chemokines. Remarkably, enrichment of the MAC-MT signature in cancer biopsies is associated with improved disease-free survival, suggesting beneficial antitumor functions.

Objectives To assess the complications of transrectal (TR) compared to transperineal prostate (TP) biopsies. Patients and Methods Men diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2017 in England were identified in the National Prostate Cancer Audit. Administrative hospital data were then used to categorize the type of prostate biopsy and subsequent complications requiring hospital admission. Administrative hospital data were used to identify patients staying overnight immediately after biopsy and those readmitted separately for hospital admissions because of sepsis, urinary retention or haematuria. Procedure‐related mortality and total length of hospital stay within 30 days were also recorded. Generalized linear models were used to calculate adjusted risk differences (aRDs). Results A total of 73 630 patients undergoing prostate biopsy were identified. Those undergoing TP biopsy (n = 13 723) were more likely to have an overnight hospital stay (12.3% vs 2.4%; aRD 9.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.1–12.3), were less likely to be readmitted because of sepsis (1.0% vs 1.4%; aRD −0.4%, CI −0.6 to −0.2), and were more likely to be readmitted with urinary retention (1.9% vs 1.0%; aRD 1.1%, CI 0.7–1.4) than those undergoing a TR biopsy (n = 59 907). There were no significant differences in the risk of haematuria or mortality. Conclusions Our results showed that TP biopsy had a lower risk of readmission for sepsis but a higher risk of readmission for urinary retention than TR biopsy. Use of the TP route would prevent one readmission for sepsis in 278 patients at the cost of three additional patients readmitted for urinary retention.

Juxta-articular defects pose significant challenges due to the high risk of fracture of the subchondral plate and articular cartilage. We evaluated the mechanical and histomorphological repair process of caprine subchondral femoral defects augmented with either a bioresorbable in situ setting hydroxyapatite cement (HAC), potymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), autogenous bone graft (AG), or left empty, Twelve-mm subchondral defects were made bilaterally in the medial femoral condyles of skeletally mature goats and augmented with a test material or left empty. Femurs were harvested at varying time periods out to 2 years and evaluated for subchondral stiffness and histomorphological indices. Several defects augmented using autograft or left empty sustained focal fracture of the subchondral plate. No HAC or PMMA augmented defects showed evidence of subchondral fracture. The HAC and PMMA augmented defects showed comparable stiffness at all time points. The mean volume fraction of HAC remaining within the defects progressively decreased from 96% at 24 h to 38% at 2 years. The new bone replacing the HAC appeared to have normal physiological architecture and orientation. In situ setting hydroxyapatite cement may be a viable alternative for the repair of subchondral defects with an important advantage that while undergoing gradual resorption and replacement with host bone, mechanical integrity of the skeletal defect is maintained.