It is generally recognized that the majority of health care has been largely based upon opinion rather than research evidence of clinical effectiveness. Attempts to rectify this have been initiated by increasing emphasis on the dissemination of findings. For example, in the UK this had been supported via the Cochran Collaboration and the Centre for Dissemination and Reviews. Dissemination does not, however, guarantee implementation. The complex nature of research utilization has been studied and obstacles identified that can influence the uptake of research by practising nurses. Sandra Funk and colleagues developed the BARRIERS Scale using this research and literature on research utilization. The scale may be helpful for identifying and measuring the barriers to research utilization perceived by nurses working within the UK and has formed the basis of the present study. A convenience sample of 316 comprising a broad spectrum of nurses working in the UK provided the data. Comparison is made with North American nurses from the studies used in the scale's development. The results suggest there ware items which are consistently perceived as either strong or negligible barriers by both groups of nurses. Differences, however, did emerge between nurses from the UK and North America on several items. These included the confidence in evaluating research and the perception of the nurse's authority to change patient procedures. Psychometric evaluation was also done. These findings are presented and discussed.

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Analysis 4.1. Comparison 4 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER DRUGS (NON-ANTICHOLINERGIC NON-ADRENERGIC DRUGS), Outcome 1 Participant's perception of cure: number cured vs improved, unchanged or worse: Immediately a er treatment...... Analysis 4.2. Comparison 4 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER DRUGS (NON-ANTICHOLINERGIC NON-ADRENERGIC DRUGS), Outcome 2 Participant's perception of cure: number cured vs improved, unchanged or worse: min.

Background Prompted voiding is a behavioural therapy used mainly in North American nursing homes. It aims to improve bladder control for people with or without dementia using verbal prompts and positive reinforcement. Objectives To assess the e ects of prompted voiding for the management of urinary incontinence in adults. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Trials Register (searched 31 January 2006) and reference lists of relevant articles. We contacted investigators in the field to locate extra studies. Selection criteria All randomised or quasi-randomised trials which addressed prompted voiding for the management of urinary incontinence. The trials included adult men and women, with or without cognitive impairment, diagnosed as having urinary incontinence as identified by the trialists, either by symptom classification or by urodynamic investigation. Data collection and analysis The identified reports were assessed for eligibility. Two reviewers independently reviewed the selected studies for methodological quality. Data describing six pre-specified outcomes were extracted independently by each reviewer and consensus reached when there was disagreement. Trial investigators were consulted when clarification or further detail was required. A third reviewer was recruited to proof read the review at di erent stages. Main results Nine trials were included in the review. These involved 674 elderly people, the majority of whom were women. Prompted voiding was compared with no prompted voiding in nine trials. The limited evidence suggested that prompted voiding increased self-initiated voiding and decreased incontinent episodes in the short-term. There was no evidence about whether these e ects are sustained over a long period of prompted voiding, or persist a er stopping prompted voiding.

Arts for health initiatives and networks are being developed in a number of countries and an international literature is emerging on the evidence of their benefits to people's health, wellbeing and quality of life. Engagement in cultural and creative arts by older people can increase their morale and self-confidence and provides opportunities for social connection. Museums and galleries are increasingly required to justify their expenditure, reach and impact and some are working in partnership with local councils, hospitals, schools and communities to improve access to their collections. There is a body of literature emerging that describes such initiatives but empirical evidence of their benefits is less developed. This article reports an evaluation of an art for health initiative -Coffee, Cake & Culture organised and delivered by Whitworth Art Gallery and Manchester Museum in 2012 for older people living in a care home and a supported living facility. The study has identified the benefits and impacts of the arts for health programme and its feasibility for older people, with or without diagnosed memory loss -dementia, living in a care home or supported living facility and their care staff. The findings demonstrate there were benefits to the older people and their care staff in terms of wellbeing, social engagement, learning, social inclusion and creativity. These benefits were immediate and continued in the short term on their return home. The majority of older people and care staff had not previously been to the art gallery or museum and the programme encouraged creative arts and cultural appreciation which promoted social inclusion, wellbeing and quality of life. The programme is feasible and important lessons were identified for future planning. Further research involving partnerships of researchers, arts for health curators, artists, care staff, older people and their families is warranted.