Coronary care unit CDK Cyclin-dependent kinase CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥ 75 years (2 points), Diabetes mellitus, Stroke (2 points)-Vascular disease, Age 65-74 years, Sex category (female) CIED Cardiac implantable electronic device CML Chronic myeloid leukaemia CMR Cardiac magnetic resonance COMPASS-CAT Prospective COmparison of Methods for thromboembolic risk assessment with clinical Perceptions and AwareneSS in real-life patients-Cancer Associated Thrombosis CPET Cardiopulmonary exercise testing CrCl Creatinine clearance CRF Cardiorespiratory fitness CRS Cytokine release syndrome CS Cancer survivors CT Computed tomography CTLA-4 Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 cTn Cardiac troponin CTRCD Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction CTR-CVT Cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity CV Cardiovascular CVD Cardiovascular disease CVRF Cardiovascular risk factorsData derived from a single randomized clinical trial or large non-randomized studies.Consensus of opinion of the experts and/or small studies, retrospective studies, registries.©ESC 2022 ESC Guidelines © ESC 2022This table refers to anthracycline equivalence dose using doxorubicin as a reference. Note that these isoequivalent doses are derived from paediatric CS. CS, cancer survivors; CV, cardiovascular.a Data for idarubicin are based upon an estimated anticancer efficacy ratio, not derived from cardiotoxicity data. The CV toxicity dose ratio provides the value that should be used to multiply the dose of the anthracycline of interest to convert to isoequivalent doses of doxorubicin; e.g. to convert 125 mg/m 2 of epirubicin to doxorubicin isoequivalent, multiply the dose by 0.8 (125 mg/m 2 × 0.8 = 100 mg/m 2 of doxorubicin).

Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of heart muscle diseases and an important cause of heart failure (HF). Current knowledge on incidence, pathophysiology and natural history of HF in cardiomyopathies is limited, and distinct features of their therapeutic responses have not been systematically addressed. Therefore, this position paper focuses on epidemiology, pathophysiology, natural history and latest developments in treatment of HF in patients with dilated (DCM), hypertrophic (HCM) and restrictive (RCM) cardiomyopathies. In DCM, HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has high incidence and prevalence and represents the most frequent cause of death, despite improvements in treatment. In addition, advanced HF in DCM is one of the leading indications for heart transplantation. In HCM, HF with preserved ejection (HFpEF) affects most patients with obstructive, and ∼10% of patients with non-obstructive HCM. A timely treatment is important, since development of advanced HF, although rare in HCM, portends a poor prognosis. In RCM, HFpEF is common, while HFrEF occurs later and more frequently in amyloidosis or iron overload/haemochromatosis. Irrespective of RCM aetiology, HF is a harbinger of a poor outcome. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of HF in cardiomyopathies have significant implications for therapeutic decision-making. In addition, new aetiology-specific treatment options (e.g. enzyme replacement therapy, transthyretin stabilizers, immunoadsorption, immunotherapy, etc.) have shown a potential to improve outcomes. Still, causative therapies of many cardiomyopathies are lacking, highlighting the need for the development of effective strategies to prevent and treat HF in cardiomyopathies.

Self‐care is essential in the long‐term management of chronic heart failure. Heart failure guidelines stress the importance of patient education on treatment adherence, lifestyle changes, symptom monitoring and adequate response to possible deterioration. Self‐care is related to medical and person‐centred outcomes in patients with heart failure such as better quality of life as well as lower mortality and readmission rates. Although guidelines give general direction for self‐care advice, health care professionals working with patients with heart failure need more specific recommendations. The aim of the management recommendations in this paper is to provide practical advice for health professionals delivering care to patients with heart failure. Recommendations for nutrition, physical activity, medication adherence, psychological status, sleep, leisure and travel, smoking, immunization and preventing infections, symptom monitoring, and symptom management are consistent with information from guidelines, expert consensus documents, recent evidence and expert opinion.

Despite guideline recommendations and available evidence, implementation of treatment in heart failure (HF) is poor. The majority of patients are not prescribed drugs at target doses that have been proven to positively impact morbidity and mortality. Among others, tolerability issues related to low blood pressure, heart rate, impaired renal function or hyperkalaemia are responsible. Chronic kidney disease plays an important role as it affects up to 50% of patients with HF. Also, dynamic changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate may occur during