Context Maternal exercise positively influences pregnancy outcomes and metabolic health in progeny; however, data regarding the effects of different modes of prenatal exercise on offspring metabolic phenotype is lacking. Objective To elucidate the effects of different modes of maternal exercise on offspring umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) metabolism. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Clinical research facility. Patients Healthy females between 18 and 35 years of age and <16 weeks’ gestation. Intervention Women were randomized to either 150-minutes of moderate intensity aerobic (AE), resistance (RE) or combination (CE) exercise per week, or to a non-exercising control. Main Outcome Measures At delivery, MSCs were isolated from the umbilical cords. MSC glucose and fatty metabolism was assessed using radiolabeled substrates. Results MSCs from offspring of all the exercising women demonstrated greater partitioning of oleate (p=≤0.05) and palmitate (p=≤0.05) towards complete oxidation, relative to non-exercisers. MSCs from offspring of all exercising mothers also had lower rates of incomplete fatty acid oxidation (p=≤0.05), which was related to infant adiposity at 1-month of age. MSCs from all exercising groups exhibited higher insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis rates (p=≤0.05), with RE having the largest effect (p=≤0.05). RE also had the greatest effect on MSC glucose oxidation rates (p=≤0.05) and partitioning towards complete oxidation (p=≤0.05). Conclusion Our data demonstrates that maternal exercise enhances glucose and lipid metabolism of offspring MSCs. Improvements in MSC glucose metabolism seem to be the greatest with maternal RE.
Women with overweight or obesity (OWOB) have an increased risk of cesarean birth, preterm birth (PTB), and high birth weight infants. Although regular exercise decreases this risk in healthy weight women, these associations have not been explored in OWOB. Women were randomized at 13–16 weeks’ gestation to 150-min of moderate-intensity exercise (n = 131) or non-exercising control (n = 61). Delivery mode, gestational age (GA), and birth weight (BW) were obtained via electronic health records. Pregnant exercisers had no differences in risk of cesarean birth, PTB, or BW compared to control participants. OWOB exercisers had higher rates of cesarean birth (27.1% vs. 11.1%), trends of higher PTB (15.3% vs. 5.6%), but normal weight babies relative to normal weight exercisers. Controlling for race and body mass index (BMI), maternal exercise reduced the relative risk (RR) for cesarean birth from 1.63 to 1.43. Cesarean births predicted by pre-pregnancy BMI and fitness level, whereas BW was predicted by race, gestational weight gain (GWG), pre-pregnancy fitness level, and exercise level. Cesarean birth was predicted by pre-pregnancy BMI and fitness level, while maternal exercise reduced the magnitudes of the relative risks of cesarean birth. Maternal exercise, pre-pregnancy fitness level, and GWG predict neonatal BW.Trial Registration: Influence of Maternal Exercise on Infant Skeletal Muscle and Metabolomics-#NCT03838146, 12/02/2019, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/template/EditRecord.vm?epmode=Edit&listmode=Edit&uid=U0003Z0X&ts=8&sid=S0008FWJ&cx=77ud1i.
In the United States, pregnant women have low concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which are essential for fetal development. Although maternal blood provides accurate polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, venipuncture is expensive and not always accessible. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association between maternal self-reported dietary intake of foods high in DHA and EPA with maternal blood concentrations. Pregnant women (13–16 weeks gestation) were recruited and asked to complete a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and blood draw at enrollment and 36 weeks. Circulating concentrations of DHA and EPA were quantified and change scores were calculated. Correlations were done to determine associations between FFQ results and EPA/DHA maternal blood concentrations. Regression analyses were run to examine significant predictors of the main outcomes. Overall, PUFA-food consumption and RBC’s DHA levels decreased from early to late pregnancy; self-reported PUFA-rich food consumption positively correlated with DHA and EPA levels. DHA concentration was predicted by self-reported PUFA-rich oils (sunflower/soy/corn/olive) consumption, but EPA concentration was predicted by maternal BMI. These findings suggest that EPA and DHA consumption decreased across pregnancy and the FFQ can be utilized as an effective method for estimating PUFA blood concentration during pregnancy.
Background: Women with overweight or obesity (OWOB) have an increased risk of cesarean birth, preterm birth (PTB), and high birth weight infants. Although regular exercise decreases this risk in healthy weight women, these associations have not been explored in OWOB.Methods: Women were randomized at 13-16 weeks’ gestation to 150-minutes of moderate-intensity exercise (n=131) or non-exercising control (n=61). Delivery mode, gestational age (GA), and birth weight (BW) were obtained via electronic health records.Results: Pregnant exercisers had no differences in risk of cesarean birth, PTB, or BW compared to control participants. OWOB exercisers had higher rates of cesarean birth (27.1% vs. 11.1%), trends of higher PTB (15.3% vs. 5.6%), but normal weight babies relative to normal weight exercisers. Controlling for race and body mass index (BMI), maternal exercise reduced the relative risk (RR) for cesarean birth from 1.63 to 1.43. Cesarean births predicted by pre-pregnancy BMI and fitness level, whereas BW was predicted by race, gestational weight gain (GWG), pre-pregnancy fitness level, and exercise level. Conclusion: Cesarean birth was predicted by pre-pregnancy BMI and fitness level, while maternal exercise reduced the magnitudes of the relative risks of cesarean birth. Maternal exercise, pre-pregnancy fitness level, and GWG predict neonatal BW.Trial Registration: Influence of Maternal Exercise on Infant Skeletal Muscle and Metabolomics- #NCT03838146, 12/02/2019, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/template/EditRecord.vm?epmode=Edit&listmode=Edit&uid=U0003Z0X&ts=8&sid=S0008FWJ&cx=77ud1i
Evidence indicates that poor nutrition and physical inactivity during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of the child developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and/or heart disease later in life. Current research demonstrates that maternal aerobic exercise and supplementation of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) during pregnancy are associated with improved maternal lipid profiles and infant outcomes, such as a decreased risk of childhood obesity and improved infant cardiac autonomic function (i.e., lower heart rate (HR), increased heart rate variability (HRV)). Currently, the relationships between maternal DHA and EPA with maternal exercise on maternal lipids, infant body composition, and infant cardiac autonomic development are not known. The purpose of this literature review is to synthesize the current state of scientific evidence regarding the effects of prenatal aerobic exercise and maternal DHA and EPA concentrations on maternal lipids as well as infant body composition and cardiac autonomic health. In this review, we examine the individual influence of maternal exercise or DHA and EPA supplementation on maternal lipid profiles, infant body composition, and infant heart outcomes.
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