Analysis of error in measuring electric energy and maximum power within direct and half-indirect measurement system at the voltage of 0.4kV is presented in the paper. The analysis involved all the elements of the measurement system, i.e. calibration and testing of the transformer-operated and direct digital energy meters and measuring current transformers. This equipment was also used for measurements in the transformer substation aiming at error analysis at measurements made under the real conditions. The results obtained show significant negative measurement error introduced by the energy meters under overload conditions. Energy meters have lower values of both the consumed electric energy and maximum power in this operating mode, which can be interpreted as a loss.
The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive approach to analyse and interpret power loss in ferromagnetic materials with particular attention devoted to excess power loss. Experimental results obtained with an Epstein frame and toroidal core made of electrical steel are presented in the paper, including quasistatic and dynamic hysteresis loops. According to the time waveforms of the measured magnetic field and magnetic flux density, an instantaneous power loss is calculated for the quasistatic and dynamic case. Moreover, the instantaneous power loss due to eddy current is calculated, as well as the instantaneous excess power loss and excess magnetic field. This excess magnetic field is compared to the excess magnetic field calculated by Bertotti's model. Analysis and discussion of the results obtained is given in the paper.
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