We hypothesized that the double hit conferred by sex and diagnosis increases the risk for internalizing disorders in adolescent females with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a sample of 32 adolescents with ASD and 32 controls, we examined the effects of sex, diagnostic factors, and developmental stages on depression and anxiety. A 3-way interaction revealed that females with ASD exhibited greater depressive symptoms than males with ASD and female controls particularly during early adolescence; therefore, females with ASD might have a unique combination of genetic, hormonal, and psychosocial vulnerabilities that heighten their risk for depression during early adolescence. Additionally, the ASD group reported high levels of separation anxiety and panic in late adolescence, possibly indicating atypical development of independence.

We studied the reliability and validity of the Columbia Suicide Severity Scale (C-SSRS). Severely delinquent adolescent girls (n = 166) participated in a treatment trial and repeated assessments over time. Lifetime suicide attempt history was measured using the C-SSRS in early adulthood (n = 144; 7–12 years post-baseline). Nonclinician raters showed strong interrater reliability using the C-SSRS. Self-, caseworker-, and caregiver-reports of girls’ suicide attempt histories collected at baseline correlated with adult participants’ recollections of their baseline attempt histories. Suicidal ideation measured prospectively across a 7–12 year period was associated with retrospectively reported suicide attempt across the same period.

SummaryChanges in the mRNA levels of two Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes (fbpB known as antigen 85B, and hspX known as Acr) were studied in infected human monocytes. Antigen 85B is an enzyme involved in cell wall biosynthesis and is also a major target of the immune response. Acr is a stress protein believed to be involved in the bacillary response to adverse conditions and in non-replicating persistence. During the first 24 h of intracellular infection, the intramonocyte 85B mRNA level increased 54-fold (P 0.00001) and 14.6 times in comparison with the 16S ribosomal rRNA. In contrast, the Acr mRNA fell 14.3 times. Although monocyte cytokine production was very variable, the 24 h secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a correlated with the 85B216S RNA ratio at 24 h (r 0.77, P corr , 0.01). Furthermore, the addition of exogenous TNF-a to cultures was associated with a twofold increase in the 85B216S ratio and, conversely, neutralization of endogenous TNF-a reduced the ratio. As antigen 85B also induces TNFa, the positive feedback implied by our findings suggests a previously unsuspected role for this protein in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis.

Researchers have postulated associations between childhood trauma and delinquency, but few have examined the direction of these relationships prospectively and, specifically, with samples of delinquent girls. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between traumatic events and delinquency for girls in the juvenile justice system using a cross-lagged model. Developmental differences in associations as a function of high school entry status were also examined. The sample included 166 girls in the juvenile justice system who were mandated to community-based out-of-home care due to chronic delinquency. Overall, study results provide evidence that trauma and delinquency risk pathways vary according to high school entry status. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Critical power (CP) delineates the heavy and severe exercise intensity domains, and sustained work rates above CP result in an inexorable progression of oxygen uptake to a maximal value and, subsequently, the limit of exercise tolerance. The finite work capacity above CP, W′, is defined by the curvature constant of the power-duration relationship. Heavy or severe exercise in a hot environment generates additional challenges related to the rise in body core temperature (Tc) that may impact CP and W′. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of elevated Tc on CP and W′. CP and W′ were estimated by end-test power (EP; mean of final 30s) and work above end-test power (WEP), respectively, from 3-min "all-out" tests performed on a cycle ergometer. Volunteers (n = 8, 4 female) performed the 3-min tests during a familiarization visit and two experimental visits (Thermoneutral vs Hot, randomized crossover design). Before experimental 3-min tests, subjects were immersed in water (Thermoneutral: 36°C for 30 min; Hot: 40.5°C until Tc was ≥ 38.5°C). Mean Tc was significantly greater in Hot compared to Thermoneutral (38.5±0.0°C vs. 37.4±0.2°C; mean±SD, P<0.01). All 3-min tests were performed in an environmental chamber (Thermoneutral: 18°C, 45% RH; Hot: 38°C, 40% RH). EP was similar between Thermoneutral (239 ± 57W) and Hot (234 ± 66W; P = 0.55). WEP was similar between Thermoneutral (10.9 ± 3.0 kJ) and Hot (9.3 ± 3.6; P = 0.19). These results suggest that elevated Tc has no significant impact on EP or WEP.

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Highlights Aerobic exercise in the heat promotes modest increases in plasma TNF-α and STNFR1. Increases in TNF-α and STNFR1 are likely driven by changes in core temperature. TNFR1 and 2 expression on non-classical monocytes is blunted one hour post-exercise. TNFR1 expression on non-classical monocytes is elevated during exercise in the heat.

Tumor Necrosis Factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine that is known to increase during exercise in the heat, however, has not been examined in a cold environment.OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to examine the circulating concentration of TNF‐α and the corresponding expression of TNF‐receptor 1 and 2 (TNFr1 and TNFr2) on classical monocytes following aerobic exercise in a cold environment.METHODSSeven recreationally active men (25.0 ± 3.2 yrs; 1.82 ± 0.06 m; 85.3 ± 7.6 kg; 4.04 ± 0.40 L·min−1) completed three experimental visits: a VO2max test, and cycling in 5°C (LT) and 23°C (MT) in a counterbalanced fashion. Cycling consisted of 60 minutes at 60% of their previously determined VO2max (TC60), and a time to exhaustion trial at 90% of their VO2max (TTE). Rectal core temperature was monitored and recorded continuously, while blood samples were taken prior to exercise (PRE), at TC60, TTE and after one hour of recovery (REC). Samples were analyzed for circulating TNF‐α via ELISA, while a subset of participants (n=4) were assessed for TNFr1 and TNFr2 expression on classical monocytes (CD14++/CD16−) via flow cytometry. Non‐normally distributed data were LN transformed, and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated via the trapezoidal method. Data were analyzed using a within‐subjects repeated measures ANOVA, and a paired samples t‐test. Data are presented as mean ± SD.RESULTSNo significant interaction (F = 0.811, p = 0.504, η2p = 0.119) nor main effects of time (F = 0.670, p = 0.581, η2p = 0.100) or trial (F = 4.093, p = 0.090, η2p = 0.406) were observed for circulating TNF‐α concentration. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between trials for TNF‐α AUC (p = 0.083). No significant interaction (F = 0.811, p = 0.519, η2p = 0.213), nor main effects of time (F = 1.144, p = 0.383, η2p = 0.276) or trial (F = 0.303, p = 0.621, η2p = 0.092) were observed for TNFr1. No significant difference was observed between trials for TNFr1 AUC (p = 0.117). No significant interaction (F = 0.196, p = 0.896, η2p = 0.061), nor main effects of time (F = 0.974, p = 0.447, η2p = 0.245) or trial (F = 0.320, p = 0.611, η2p = 0.096) were observed for TNFr2. Additionally, no differences were observed between trials for TNFr2 AUC (p= 0.236).CONCLUSIONSNeither 60 minutes of moderate intensity exercise, nor exercise to exhaustion at a high intensity were sufficient to induce a response in circulating TNF‐α, nor classical monocyte expression of TNFr1 or TNFr2. Furthermore, exercise in the cold does not appear to modify this response.Support or Funding InformationThis study was partially funded by the Kent State University Research Council.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.