The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a 6-wk deep water running program on the maintenance of cardiorespiratory performance (VO2max, ventilatory threshold, running economy); metabolic measurements of blood glucose, blood lactate, and plasma norepinephrine; and body composition. Sixteen trained male runners (VO2max = 58.6 +/- 3.6 ml.kg-1.min-1) were assigned to one of two groups matched by VO2max, treadmill run (R) or water run (WR). Subjects participated in their respective training programs, which consisted of workouts of a) 30 min at 90-100% VO2max and b) 60 min at 70-75% VO2max alternated daily for 5 d.wk-1. Following 6 wk of workouts, no significant intra- or intergroup differences were observed for treadmill VO2max for R (pre = 58.4 +/- 2.3, post = 60.1 +/- 3.6 ml.kg-1.min) and WR (pre = 58.7 +/- 4.7, post = 59.6 +/- 5.4 ml.kg-1.min-1). Similarly, ventilatory threshold was unaltered in R (pre = 47.5 +/- 1.8, post = 48.2 +/- 3.3 ml.kg-1.min-1) and WR (pre = 46.5 +/- 6.4, post = 47.4 +/- 6.7 ml.kg-1.min-1), nor were there any changes in running economy in R (pre = 48.4 +/- 2.3, post = 48.9 +/- 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 at 255 m.min-1) and WR (pre = 51.8 +/- 2.0, post = 48.9 +/- 2.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 at 255 m.min-1). No significant differences were observed within or between groups for maximal blood glucose, blood lactate, and plasma norepinephrine concentration as well as for body composition indices. It was concluded that deep water running may serve as an effective training alternative to landbased running for the maintenance of aerobic performance for up to 6 wk in trained endurance athletes.
Diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been shown to improve patient prognosis in a variety of cancers, a benefit partly derived from phytochemicals, many of which target cell death pathways in tumor cells. Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) are a phytochemical-rich fruit containing a variety of polyphenolic compounds. As flavonoids have been shown to induce apoptosis in human tumor cells, this study investigated the hypothesis that cranberry-mediated cytotoxicity in DU145 human prostate adenocarcinoma cells involves apoptosis. The results showed that induction of apoptosis in these cells occurred in response to treatment with whole cranberry extract and occurred through caspase-8 mediated cleavage of Bid protein to truncated Bid resulting in cytochrome-C release from the mitochondria. Subsequent activation of caspase-9 ultimately resulted in cell death as characterized by DNA fragmentation. Increased Par-4 protein expression was observed, and this is suggested to be at least partly responsible for caspase-8 activation. Proanthocyanidin-enriched and flavonol-enriched fractions of cranberry also increased caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity, suggesting that these compounds play a possible role in apoptosis induction. These findings indicate that cranberry phytochemicals can induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in vitro, and these findings further establish the potential value of cranberry phytochemicals as possible agents against prostate cancer.
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