Of the 597 submariners who completed the survey, 259 of them had fathered children. A total of 413 submariner offspring were included in the results. Of these offspring, there were 222 boys and 191 girls, forming a SR (percentage of male offspring) of 53.75%. Unlike the study from more than 30 years ago, there was no statistically significant difference compared with the SR of the U.S. general population during this time, 51.17% (p = 0.29). However, within the study population, there was a trend toward lower SRs as the father's total time in the submarine community increased (p = 0.06). A stratified analysis by rating found that sonar technicians had a statistically significant lower SR of 34.5% (p = 0.03). Smokers were noted to have a higher ratio of male offspring compared with non-smokers, although this finding was not statistically significant (p = 0.46).
dementia, defined as MMSE 10 to 26, as well as presence of psychiatric symptoms defined by NPI-2 of $1, and the NPI Plus (NPI-Plus) of $8. The NPI-2 is administered by caregivers and measures behavioral disturbances in dementia patients. It includes 10 domains: delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, dysphoria, anxiety, euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability/lability, and aberrant motor activity. The NPI-Plus includes the same 10 domains and also includes sleep and cognitive fluctuation. Participants were randomized to receive placebo, 5 mg donepezil daily, or 10 mg donepezil daily for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were cognitive improvement, using the clinician administered MMSE, and behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms measured by the NPI-2. MMSE scores significantly improved compared with placebo group for participants taking 10 mg of donepezil daily (2.2 vs 0.6 point improvements; P5.016). MMSE scores did not significantly improve in patients taking 5 mg versus placebo (-1.4 vs -0.6 point improvements; P5.232). No differences were found in NPI-2 scores compared with placebo in participants taking 10 mg and 5 mg of donepezil daily (-2.9 vs -2.0 point improvements; P5.391; -1.7 vs -2.0 point improvements; P5.661, respectively). Adverse events (including nausea, decreased appetite, pyrexia, and nasopharyngitis) did not significantly differ substantially among the placebo, 5 mg, or 10 mg groups. The incidence of adverse events that led to discontinuation of donepezil was higher in the 5 mg group compared with placebo (21.3% vs 10.9%) but was lower in the 10 mg group compared with placebo (4.1% vs 10.9%).
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