This research comprises the design, adjustment and setting up two novel laboratory apparatuses, which provide the measurement of the mobilized friction at the interface between a soil and a geotextile, both subjected to unsaturated conditions. Even though some features of the mechanical layout of both devices and Casagrande´s shear box are much alike (in this case, the size of the boxes is 60 x 60 mm), the original feature is that the samples are tested under unsaturated controlled conditions, i. e., with control of water content, by means of the techniques for unsaturated soils. These techniques have been successfully adapted for equipment for testing both deformation and shear strength. However, hardly no references have been found in connection with soil-geosynthetic interaction.One of the friction apparatuses has been devised to be suitable for the "vapour pressure control" technique. The suction is controlled by the relative humidity within the cell atmosphere, that in turn, is governed by the concentration of a water solution.This procedure allows the control of total suction, being accurate, though, only for values higher than 2 MPa.The other apparatus has been devised to be suitable for the "axis translation technique", in particular, when using a cellulose membrane, which allows only water to flow through. It essentially consists of applying suction indirectly, by raising air pressure and keeping water at atmospheric pressure. Even though this technique do not generate the actual state of an unsaturated soil, it has been widely verified. In addition, this technique has become very valuable, as it allows a proper control of suction in most of the range of geotechnical practice (between 0 to 10 MPa), despite it is only capable of controlling matric suction.The tests program was carried out with remoulded samples of an expansive clay (locally known as "peñuela") with 7% of sodium montmorillonite, yielding LL=74 %, PI=37%, free swelling of 14 %, swelling pressure of 0,31 MPa and initial suction of 1,9 MPa. The friction tests comprised this soil and 3 different non-woven III needle-punched PP geotextiles. One of them is reinforced by PET yarns. Tests subjected to total suctions ranged between 2 and 20 MPa, and those subjected to matric suctions, between 5 kPa and 1 MPa. In addition, an insight of the "capillary break" effect caused by geotextiles embedded in the soil mass is included and the characteristic curves of the geotextiles have been obtained. Lastly, as a result of this research, the determination of the interface efficiency becomes suction-dependent. IV AGRADECIMIENTOSEsta investigación se inició en 1999 con motivo de un convenio de investigación
Hyperbolic and Asaoka's methods, other uses. Case of water content equilibrium of unsaturated soils. Theory.
Este artículo muestra las posibilidades de aplicación del método hiperbólico y el de Asaoka en problemas geotécnicos de predicción. Una de ellas consiste en la predicción del valor final de la humedad si se ha determinado una serie de valores temporales de ésta durante el lento proceso de equilibrado a lo largo de la altura de una muestra de suelo al imponer una succión constante en su base. Se muestra que este proceso se rige por una ecuación análoga a la de consolidación (ámbito tradicional de ambos métodos). En rigor, ambos fenómenos obedecen a la ecuación de la difusión, si bien el parámetro físico clave de un flujo no saturado no es el coeficiente de consolidación, sino la difusividad hidráulica, D(), que no tiene por qué ser constante. Partiendo de este ejemplo, con el que la utilidad de los métodos antedichos se muestra en un segundo artículo, también se señala su aplicabilidad tanto en otros fenómenos de difusión, tales como problemas térmicos o transporte de contaminantes, como en ensayos de campo o laboratorio que miden procesos que tienden a una asíntota (carga de pilotes o ensayos presiométricos, por ejemplo). Para ello, este artículo ahonda en los fundamentos de los métodos hiperbólico y de Asaoka e indica los tipos de problemas geotécnicos en los que se ha empleado con éxito. Estos métodos predictivos, en definitiva, permiten reducir extraordinariamente los tiempos del ensayo, y lo que es más importante, reducir los riesgos de que un ensayo prolongado se malogre.
Hyperbolic and Asaoka's methods, other uses. Case of water content equilibrium of unsaturated soils. Application.
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