Background
This study aimed to investigate the effect of enamel-surface modifications on the shear bond strength between ceramic brackets bonded using different adhesive materials and the enamel surface and to identify the most suitable clinical adhesive and bonding method. Whether the non-acid-etching treatment met the clinical bond strength was also determined.
Methods
A total of 108 extracted premolars were divided into nine groups (n = 12) based on the different enamel-surface modification techniques (acid etching, deproteinization, and wetting). Group 1 was bonded with Transbond™ XT adhesive, whereas groups 2–9 were bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). The treatment methods for each group were as follows: groups 1 and 2, acid etching; group 3, acid etching and wetting; group 4, acid etching and deproteinization; group 5, acid etching, deproteinization, and wetting; group 6, deproteinization; group 7, deproteinization and wetting; group 8, without treatment; and group 9, wetting. The samples' shear bond strength was measured using an universal testing machine. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) was examined using a stereomicroscope. The enamel-surface morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis, and p < 0.05 and α = 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
The ARIs of groups 1–5 and 6–9 were statistically significant (p = 0.000). The enamel surface of groups 1–5 was demineralized, and only a tiny amount of protein remained in groups 7 and 8, whereas a thick layer of protein remained in groups 8 and 9.
Conclusions
RMGIC adhesive did not damage the enamel surface and achieved the required clinical bond strength. The enamel surface was better treated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite preferably under non-acid-etching conditions.
Background:Exosomes from macrophages present unique roles in body systems and regulate inflammation or physiological processes. A bibliometric analysis may reveal topic patterns of macrophage-derived exosomes that can be used to investigate future research.Objectives:The aim of this study was to explore the research trends and knowledge structures of macrophage-derived exosomes during past 11years.Materials and methods: Literature related to exosomes from macrophages was scanned in the PubMed database, with a period of 2011 to 2021. The analysis retrieved 2457 records and performed high-frequency major MESH terms/MESH subheadings extraction, biclustering analysis, strategy map analysis, and social network analysis.Results: Cluster analysis yielded 5 categories in which the rather mature clusters in the past 11 years are mainly about bioengineering, therapeutic methods, and osteoclast-related metabolism. Tumor-associated macrophages and exosomes, as well as the regulation of the immune system, are discussed in Cluster 1 and 2, which possess great potential for advancement. Cluster 3 focuses on the interaction of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes with macrophage cytology. Extracellular Vesicles/immunology; Exosomes/transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology; and other terms around the network are all possible future research hotspots, according to the social network analysis.Conclusion: Research topics such as tumor-associated exosomes, exosome physiology, and exosomes/transplantation still deserve deep research. Further research should expand on new topics such as exosomes and macrophages in the tumor environment, exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells, and cell-free therapy.
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