Three-dimensional
(3D) printing utilizing controlled polymerization
systems is emerging as a powerful approach to fabricate “living”
objects, which can be further modified with various functionalities.
Here, we report photoinduced free radical-promoted cationic reversible
addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization
under broad wavelengths from ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR)
light. A commercially available iron catalyst, cyclopentadienyl iron
dicarbonyl dimer (Fe2(Cp)2(CO)4),
was used as the photocatalyst, and several diphenyliodonium salts
were examined as oxidants. Various poly(vinyl ether)s with controlled
molecular weights and a narrow dispersity (1.06–1.32) were
prepared through this method. Relatively high chain-end fidelity can
be observed and has been demonstrated by successful chain-extension
experiments. In addition, benefiting from the penetrating ability
of NIR light, 3D objects with different thicknesses were achieved
by employing stereolithography-based 3D printing techniques. Furthermore,
the postfunctionalization of these 3D printed objects with fluorescent
monomers provides a facile method to build 3D objects with complex
functionality and potential applications in anticounterfeiting materials.
Three-dimensional
(3D) printing based on photoinduced reversible
addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization
is emerging as a versatile and powerful method to prepare “living”
3D objects, which can be postmodified with various functionalities.
However, an additional photoinitiator or photocatalyst is necessary
in these systems, which is toxic and will cause negative effects on
the properties of the prepared materials. Here, we report oxygen-tolerant
and rapid living 3D printing based on photoiniferter RAFT polymerization,
which does not need additional photoinitiators or photocatalysts.
A xanthate, O-ethyl-S-2-ethyl propionate, was chosen
as both the photoinitiator and RAFT agent in this process. Various
monomers and RAFT agents were screened in this system. Materials with
different properties were prepared utilizing the postfunctionalization
of the printed living objects. Furthermore, a polymer welding method
was proposed by painting fresh monomers between two living objects
for post-photocuring. This photoiniferter RAFT polymerization-based
living 3D printing method was also successfully applied to a commercial
digital light processing technique-based 3D printer, offering a facile
method to fabricate living 3D materials with different shapes.
Nucleic acid vaccines, especially messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, display unique benefits in the current COVID-19 pandemic. The application of polymeric materials as delivery carriers has greatly promoted nucleic acid vaccine as a promising prophylactic and therapeutic strategy. The inherent properties of polymeric materials render nucleic acid vaccines with excellent in vivo stability, enhanced biosafety, specific cellular uptake, endolysosomal escape, and promoted antigen expression. Although polymeric delivery of nucleic acid vaccines has progressed significantly in the past decades, clinical translation of polymer-gene vaccine systems still faces insurmountable challenges. This review summarizes the diverse polymers and their characterizations and representative formulations for nucleic acid vaccine delivery. We also discussed existing problems, coping strategies, and prospect relevant to applications of nucleic acid vaccines and polymeric carriers. This review highlights the rational design and development of polymeric vaccine delivery systems towards meeting the goals of defending serious or emerging diseases.
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