A total of fourteen (14) species of wild edible fruits from Burkina Faso were analyzed for their phenolic and flavonoid contents, and their antioxidant activities using the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods. The data obtained show that the total phenolic and total flavonoid levels were significantly higher in the acetone than in the methanol extracts. Detarium microcarpum fruit had the highest phenolic and the highest flavonoid content, followed by that of Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ximenia americana and Lannea microcarpa. Significant amounts of total phenolics were also detected in the other fruit species in the following order of decreasing levels: Tamarindus indica > Sclerocarya birrea > Dialium guineense > Gardenia erubescens > Diospyros mespiliformis > Parkia biglobosa > Ficus sycomorus > Vitellaria paradoxa. Detarium microcarpum fruit also showed the highest antioxidant activity using the three antioxidant assays. Fruits with high antioxidant activities were also found to possess high phenolic and flavonoid contents. There was a strong correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid levels and antioxidant activities.

Therefore, these AGE etiologic agents constitute a problem of public health in Burkina Faso. Their control for the child would require: (1) a regular paediatric and clinical follow up; (2) health education of the population for food hygiene and (3) in case of absence of HIV infection in the mother, a promotion of exclusive breast-feeding up to the age of 4 months.

The genus Chryseobacterium and other genera belonging to the family Flavobacteriaceae include organisms that can behave as human pathogens and are known to cause different kinds of infections. Several species of Flavobacteriaceae, including Chryseobacterium indologenes, are naturally resistant to ␤-lactam antibiotics (including carbapenems), due to the production of a resident metallo-␤-lactamase. Although C. indologenes presently constitutes a limited clinical threat, the incidence of infections caused by this organism is increasing in some settings, where isolates that exhibit multidrug resistance phenotypes (including resistance to aminoglycosides and quinolones) have been detected. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a new IND-type variant from a C. indologenes isolate from Burkina Faso that is resistant to ␤-lactams and aminoglycosides Metallo-␤-lactamases (MBLs) belong to Ambler's class B, and their activity requires at least one zinc ion in the active site. These enzymes are particularly worrisome resistance determinants due to their ability to hydrolyze most ␤-lactam compounds, including carbapenems, while they are not susceptible to conventional ␤-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam) (25). Besides the acquired MBL genes which currently disseminate in major human pathogens (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by means of mobile genetic elements (plasmids, integrons, or ISCR elements), most MBL genes identified thus far have been found in the chromosomes of various bacterial species, including nonpathogenic organisms (such as Caulobacter crescentus), plant pathogens (Erwinia carotovora), and occasional human pathogens such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Aeromonas spp., and members of the family Flavobacteriaceae (25, 32). The latter family includes several species in which the production of a resident MBL has been detected. Although their overall clinical impact is lower than that of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, or Acinetobacter species, Flavobacteriaceae may cause various clinical syndromes that are not always straightforward to treat, due mainly to their intrinsic resistance to several antimicrobial agents (29). Eight different sublineages of resident enzymes in members of the family Flavobacteriaceae have been identified thus far (4-7, 18, 20, 26), and most of them (BlaB from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, IND from Chryseobacterium indologenes, JOHN from Flavobacterium johnsoniae, CGB from Chryseobacterium gleum, EBR from Empedobacter brevis, TUS from Myroides odoratus, and MUS from Myroides odoratimimus) belong to subclass B1, although the GOB enzymes (from E. meningoseptica) belong to subclass B3.The most common flavobacterium from clinical specimens is C. indologenes, which is associated with different types of infections, such as intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections, catheter-related bacteremia, cellulitis, sepsis, and pneumonia, likely promoted by the bacterium's ability to form biofilm and to produce proteases (1,3,15,16,21,23,24...

Abstract:In this investigation, we evaluated essential oils from six medicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant abilities. The chemotype of most active were also determined. The best antiacetylcholinesterase activities were recorded for the essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (IC50 18.98 µg/mL) and Ocimum canum (IC50 36.16 µg/mL). Their chemotype have been related to the 1,8-cineole one. Both essential oils demonstrated a linear mixed non competitive inhibition. The essential oil of Ocimum basilicum which belong to the linalool-eugenol chemotype exhibited the best radical scavenging activity (IC50 3.82 µg/mL) and reducing power (531.75 mg AAE/g). In comparison with gallic and ascorbic acids, O. basilicum essential oil evidenced interesting antioxidant activities. The antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of essential oils were discussed in regard with their chemical composition.

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