Hepatotoxicity is the most serious adverse effects of Aceclofenac. In this study, the effect of Aceclofenac (ACE) induced liver damage in rats was investigated. Administration of ACE (90mg/kg/day) for 28 days produced severe liver injury, as demonstrated by dramatic elevation of serum hepatospecific markers like serum aspertate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum ã-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). In addition, the level of plasma and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was elevated in ACE treated rats as compared to those of the experimental control rats. A remarkable reduction in hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were also observed on ACE administration as compared with experimental control rats. However, simultaneous treatments with Azadirachta indica (AI) leaf extract (both 250 and 500mg/kg) significantly attenuated ACE induced hepatotoxicity. The results showed that serum AST, ALT, ALP and GGT (p<0.05), and hepatic TBARS (p<0.01) were reduced dramatically, and hepatic SOD (p<0.05), CAT (p<0.05), GPx (p<0.01) activity and GSH (p<0.05) content were restored remarkably by AI supplementation. It is therefore suggested that Azadirachta indica can provide a definite hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect against hepatic injury caused by Aceclofenac.
Background:: Chitosan nanoparticles have been extensively studied and used due to their well-recognized applicability in various fields. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide polymer and is extensively used in pharmaceuticals to deliver a wide variety of therapeutic agents. Chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable mucoadhesive polymer that has been extensively used in the preparation of multi particles, particularly nano- and microparticles. Objective:: The main aim of the present study was to optimize the conditions for the preparation of chitosan nanoparticles to get optimal particle size, with optimal zeta potential and narrow polydispersity index, and antibacterial activity. Methods:: Methods include the ionic gelation technique for chitosan nanoparticle preparation. The influence of formulation parameters and process parameters on the Chitosan nanoparticles were investigated. Besides, the suspension stability of the prepared nanoparticles is also assessed on storage at 4°C. Results: clearly showed that the formulation and process parameters showed a significant effect on the physicochemical and morphological characteristics of the chitosan nanoparticles. The chitosan nanoparticles prepared under optimum conditions (chitosan concentration of 0.5% w/v, CS: TPP mass ratio of 1:3, initial pH of chitosan solution of 4.5, stirred at 750 rpm for 30 min) had shown a mean particle size of ~326.8±15 nm, the zeta potential of +28.2 ± 0.5 mV, PDI of 0.21 ± 0.02. The encapsulation of the clarithromycin slightly increased the polydispersity index but the zeta potential of the unloaded nanoparticles was not affected while the particle size increased. Under optimum conditions, clarithromycin encapsulation efficiency into nanoparticles was found to be 70%. Additionally, chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles were shown to be stable for a minimum of fifteen days in deionized water at 4°C. Conclusion:: The current study concludes on the optimal conditions to formulate the chitosan nanoparticles with optimal physicochemical characteristics.
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