SUMMARY BackgroundThe diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains a challenge as both invasive methods and symptom-based strategies have limitations. The symptom-based management of GERD in primary care may be further optimised with the use of a questionnaire.

The prevalence of endoscopically confirmed PUD in this Shanghai population (17.2%) is substantially higher than in Western populations (4.1%). The majority of individuals with PUD were asymptomatic.

SUMMARY BackgroundDyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are common in Western populations.

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Reflux esophagitis is less prevalent in China than reported in Western countries. Further work is needed to establish why reflux esophagitis appears less symptomatic in China than in Western countries.