Objective To identify specific genetic pathways showing altered expression in peripheral blood of depressed subjects with bipolar disorder (BPD). Methods Illumina Sentrix BeadChip (Human-6v2)microarrays containing > 48,000 transcript probes were used to measure levels of gene expression in peripheral blood from 20 depressed subjects with BPD and in 15 healthy control subjects. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to confirm a subset of these differences. Results A total of 1,180 genes were differentially expressed between subjects with BPD and healthy controls (fold-change > 1.3, false discovery rate-corrected p < 0.05, covaried for age and sex). Of these, 559 genes were up-regulated in BPD subjects and 621 were down-regulated. Surprisingly, there was no difference between medicated (n =11) and unmedicated (n =9) subjects with BPD for any of these genes. Pathway analysis using GeneGo MetaCore software showed that the most significantly affected pathway was the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Of the 85 objects (genes or proteins) in this pathway, 22 were up-regulated and 2 down-regulated in subjects with BPD. qRT-PCR confirmed up-regulation of nuclear encoded ETC genes in complexes I, III, IV, and V and, in addition, demonstrated up-regulation of mitochondrially encoded genes in each of these complexes. Conclusion These results suggest that increased expression of multiple components of the mitochondrial ETC may be a primary deficit in bipolar depression, rather than an effect of medication.
BackgroundLithium is considered by many as the gold standard medication in the management of bipolar disorder (BD). However, the clinical response to lithium is heterogeneous, and the molecular basis for this difference in response is unknown. In the present study, we sought to determine how the peripheral blood gene expression profiles of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) changed over time following intitiation of treatment with lithium, and whether differences in those profiles over time were related to the clinical response.MethodsIllumina Sentrix Beadchip (Human-6v2) microarrays containing > 48,000 transcript probes were used to measure levels of expression of gene-expression in peripheral blood from 20 depressed subjects with BD prior to and every two weeks during 8 weeks of open-label treatment with lithium.Changes in gene-expression were compared between treatment responders (defined as a decrease in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale of 50% or more) and non-responders. Pathway analysis was conducted using GeneGO Metacore software.Results127 genes showed a differential response in responders vs. non-responders. Pathway analysis showed that regulation of apoptosis was the most significantly affected pathway among these genes. Closer examination of the time-course of changes among BCL2 related genes showed that in lithium-responders, one month after starting treatment with lithium, several anti-apoptotic genes including Bcl2 and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) were up-regulated, while pro-apoptotic genes, including BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 (BAK1) and BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD), were down-regulated. In contrast, in lithium non-responders, BCL2 and IRS2 were down-regulated, while BAK1 and BAD up-regulated at the one-month time-point.ConclusionsThese results suggest that differential changes in the balance of pro- and anti- apoptotic gene-expression following treatment with lithium may explain some of the heterogeneity in clinical response in BD patients.
Background High rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been documented in war‐affected populations. The prevalence of Complex PTSD (CPTSD) has never been assessed in an active war zone. Here, we provide initial data on war‐related experiences, and prevalence rates of ICD‐11 PTSD and CPTSD in a large sample of adults in Ukraine during the Russian war. We also examined how war‐related stressors, PTSD, and CPTSD were associated with age, sex, and living location in Ukraine. Method Self‐report data were gathered from a nationwide sample of 2004 adult parents of children under 18 from the general population of Ukraine approximately 6 months after Russia's invasion. Results All participants were exposed to at least one war‐related stressor, and the mean number of exposures was 9.07 (range = 1–26). Additionally, 25.9% (95% CI = 23.9%, 27.8%) met diagnostic requirements for PTSD and 14.6% (95% CI = 12.9%, 16.0%) met requirements for CPTSD. There was evidence of a strong dose–response relationship between war‐related stressors and meeting criteria for PTSD and CPTSD. Participants who had the highest exposure to war‐related stressors were significantly more likely to meet the requirements for PTSD (OR = 4.20; 95% CI = 2.96–5.95) and CPTSD (OR = 8.12; 95% CI = 5.11–12.91) compared to the least exposed. Conclusions Humanitarian responses to the mental health needs of the Ukrainian population will need to take account of posttraumatic stress reactions. Education in diagnosing and treating PTSD/CPTSD, especially in the situation of a significant lack of human resources and continuing displacement of the population, is necessary.
Objective: To investigate predictors of psychiatric hospital readmission of children and adolescents, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted.Methods: Following PRISMA statement guidelines, a systematic literature search of articles published between 1997 and 2018 was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO for original peer-reviewed articles investigating predictors of psychiatric hospital readmission among youths (,18 years old). Effect sizes were extracted and combined by using random-effects meta-analysis. Covariates were investigated with meta-regression and subgroup analyses.Results: Thirty-three studies met inclusion criteria, containing information on 83,361 children and adolescents, of which raw counts of readmitted vs. non-readmitted youths were available for 76,219. Of these youths, 13.2% (N=10,076) were readmitted. The mean6SD study followup was 15.9615.0 months, and time to readmission was 13.1612.8 months. Readmission was associated with, but not limited to, suicidal ideation at index hospitalization (pooled odds ratio [OR pooled ]=2.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.64-3.37), psychotic disorders (OR pooled =1.87, 95% CI=1.53-2.28), prior hospitalization (OR pooled =2.51, 95% CI=1.76-3.57), and discharge to residential treatment (OR pooled =1.84, 95% CI=1.07-3.16). There was evidence of moderate study bias. Prior investigations were methodologically and substantively heterogeneous, particularly for measurement of family-level factors.
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