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Biological invasions are increasingly recognized ecological and economic threats to biodiversity and are projected to increase in the future. Introduced freshwater crayfish in particular are protruding invaders, exerting tremendous impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as exemplified by the North American spiny-cheek, signal and red swamp crayfish as well as the Australian common yabby. The marbled crayfish is among the most outstanding freshwater crayfish invaders due to its parthenogenetic reproduction combined with early maturation and high fecundity. As their introduced ranges expand, their sympatric populations become more frequent. The question of which species and under what circumstances will dominate in their introduced communities is of great interest to biodiversity conservation as it can offer valuable insights for understanding and prioritization of management efforts. In order to examine which of the aforementioned species may be more successful as an invader, we conducted a set of independent trials evaluating survival, growth, claw injury, and reproduction using single-species stocks (intraspecific interactions) and mixed stocks (interspecific interactions) of marbled crayfish vs. other crayfish invaders since the onset of exogenous feeding. In both single and mixed stocks, red swamp crayfish and yabby grew faster than marbled crayfish, while marbled crayfish were superior to both spiny-cheek and signal crayfish in terms of growth. With the exception of signal crayfish, the faster-growing species consistently reached a higher survival rate. The faster-growing species tended to negatively impair smaller counterparts by greater claw injury, delayed maturation, and reduced fecundity. Only marbled crayfish laid eggs as early as 14 weeks in this study, which is earlier than previously reported in the literature. Thus, the success of marbled crayfish among invasive crayfish is significantly driven by relatively fast growth as well as an early and frequent reproduction. These results shed light on how interactions between invasive populations can unfold when their expansion ranges overlap in the wild, thereby contributing to the knowledge base on the complex population dynamics between existing and emerging invasive species.

-Established populations of the non-indigenous parthenogenetically reproducing marbled crayfish Procambarus fallax f. virginalis have been recently reported from various European countries. The colonised sites are usually lentic and relatively isolated from major watercourses and in such cases the immediate threat of the spread of this taxon is limited. Here we report on a marbled crayfish population that is likely to become a seed for colonisation of the Danube in Slovakia. It is located in a channel within the Slovak capital Bratislava in the immediate vicinity of a pumping station that occasionally releases significant amounts of water into the side arm of the Danube. The population is well established with a high growth potential: numerous adult marbled crayfish individuals were observed at the site in September and October 2016 and the progeny (eggs or first two developmental stages) of 27 berried females exceeded 11 000 individuals. The maximum observed fecundity per female reached 647 juveniles in the second developmental stage. The Danube side arm downstream of the pumping station harbours a population of spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus infected with the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci. We presume that marbled crayfish is already present below the pumping station and it is just a matter of effort and time until it is discovered. The investigated specimens of marbled crayfish were found free of A. astaci, but horizontal transmission from infected spiny-cheek crayfish may be expected, as well as further spread of marbled crayfish in the Danube.Keywords: pet trade / aquatic invasion / fecundity / asexual reproduction / Slovakia Résumé -Une portion slovaque du Danube est un site de reproduction bien établie d'écrevisse marbrée Procambarus fallax f.virginalis. Des populations établies d'écrevisses marbrées non-indigènes à reproduction parthénogénétique Procambarus fallax f. virginalis ont récemment été signalées dans différents pays européens. Les sites colonisés sont généralement lentiques et relativement isolés des grands cours d'eau et, dans de tels cas, la menace immédiate de propagation de ce taxon est limitée. Nous rapportons ici sur une population d'écrevisses marbrées qui risque de devenir une source pour la colonisation du Danube en Slovaquie. Elle est localisée dans un canal situé dans la capitale slovaque Bratislava, à proximité immédiate d'une station de pompage qui libère occasionnellement d'importantes quantités d'eau dans le bras latéral du Danube. La population est bien établie avec un fort potentiel de croissance: de nombreux adultes d'écrevisse marbrée ont été observés sur le site en septembre et octobre 2016 et la progéniture (oeufs ou deux premiers stades de développement) de 27 femelles grainées dépasse 11 000 individus. La fécondité maximale observée par femelle a atteint 647 juvéniles au deuxième stade de développement. Le bras latéral du Danube en aval de la station de pompage abrite une population d'écrevisses américaines Orconectes limosus infectées par l...

Introduction of non-indigenous exotic species to new areas, where they may establish viable populations and become invasive, is a considerable problem in the protection of nature worldwide, as these species may alter the indigenous species population structure and potentially even decrease the biodiversity. The European fauna underwent through major negative changes on the continent and nowadays, it experiences another new treat, represented by the expanding aquarium pet trade, and with it, associated species (and disease) introductions. Exotic freshwater crustaceans are one of the taxa widely incorporated in the business, counting a remarkable number of species. Recent records of the exotic marbled crayfish or Marmorkrebs (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) in German in open ecosystems in Slovakia pointed to human-mediated introductions associated with aquarium pet trade in the country. In this regard, a study of the aquarium pet trade both in expositions and shops and online was assessed. Several crustacean taxa are available both in pet trade exhibitions and online through the Internet. Altogether 26 different species were identified in the aquarium trade in Slovakia. These are Procambarus fallax f. virginalis, P. clarkii, P. alleni, Cherax quadricarinatus, C. destructor, C. holthuisi, C. peknyi, Cambarellus patzcuarensis and C. diminutus occurring in the aquarium pet trade in Slovakia (n = 9). Procambarus fallax f. virginalis, P. clarkii and C. patzuarensis are the most common in this regard. There is also a quantity of other related taxa in the aquarium pet trade in Slovakia, mainly Caridina spp. (n = 5), Neocaridina spp. (n = 4), Atyopsis moluccensis, Atya gabonensis, Arachnochium kulsiense and several taxa of exotic crabs (n = 5) belonging to three different genera (Cardiosoma, Geosesarma and Gecarinus) present. Neocaridina davidi is identified as the most frequent in this regard. As some of the species can become established and form viable populations in natural ecosystems in Europe, we alert the public to handle the animals responsibly and thus maintain and protect indigenous European fauna.

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The cryptogenic parasite Haplosporidium pinnae has caused mass mortality of the protected endemic Mediterranean bivalve Pinna nobilis in the western Mediterranean, since the autumn of 2016. Herein, we confirm the spread of the parasite in the eastern Mediterranean, and report a mass mortality event, with > 93% average mortalities, in the coastal waters of Lesvos Island (Greece, Aegean Sea). Histopathological study of collected specimens revealed the presence of a haplosporian-like protozoon in different life cycle stages, mainly within the digestive gland of the infected Pinna nobilis, with many uni-and bi-nucleate parasite cells, plasmodia and sporocysts in the wide lumen of digestive tubules causing the collapse of epithelial cells, and apparently low host haemocyte reaction. The parasite was identified as H. pinnae by molecular methods (PCR amplification and sequencing of a part of small subunit ribosomal DNA gene, and comparison with available records in Genbank). In many sites, 100% mortality was recorded, whereas in a single site (among 13 surveyed sites) mortality was relatively low (36%), successful recruitment was observed and the parasite was not detected. The latter observation stresses the importance of possible parasite-free refugia sites. We call for continuous monitoring of the spread of the parasite and its impacts, and for urgent targeted research and actions to identify the factors affecting the parasite's virulence, investigate biotic and abiotic conditions that characterize refugia sites, and strictly protect the remaining P. nobilis populations to increase the chances for the survival of the species.

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The red-rimmed melania Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller) has been used in the aquarist trade and biocontrol programs, leading to its emergence outside its native range. Two populations of the red-rimmed melania occur in Slovakia. We investigated the morphometric features of mentioned populations and made a comparison. These two populations differ significantly in investigated features. Mean shell length of red-rimmed melania individuals from the Opatovce nad Nitrou was 14.7 mm, while the mean shell length of specimens from Piešťany was 24.4 mm (p < 10 −6 ). Mean shell width, aperture length, and aperture width for specimens from the Opatovce nad Nitrou was 4.4 mm, 4.1 mm, and 2.3 mm, respectively. Mean shell width, aperture length, and aperture width of Piešťany specimens was 7.5 mm (p < 10 −6 ), 7.1 mm (p < 10 −6 ), and 3.8 mm (p < 10 −6 ), respectively. The maximum shell length of specimens from the Opatovce nad Nitrou site was 22-23 mm, while shell length of specimens from Piešťany reached 32-33 mm. Regression analysis of the shell length and shell width, aperture length and aperture width, indicate equivalent relationship of the shell patterns for the two populations. Population structure analysis provided first inside of their population status, identifying a proliferating population at the Opatovce nad Nitrou site, while only adult individuals were observed at the site in Piešťany. The red-rimmed malania is a good candidate for possible biological invasions in thermal waters of temperate zone.