a b s t r a c tThe most important problems the energy sector faces in Macedonia are an unfavourable energy mix with a high prevalence of lignite, a strong dependence on energy import, poor condition of the energy system and inefficiency in energy production and use. This paper investigates the prospects for realization of the 100% renewable energy system in Macedonia by making use of the EnergyPLAN model. Analysis was conducted for two renewable scenarios designed for the years 2030 and 2050. First scenario, the 50% renewable energy system, has been created for the year 2030 and represents the first step towards the 100% renewable energy future of Macedonia. The second scenario has been designed for the 100% renewable energy system based only on the renewable energy sources (RES) in the year 2050. Special attention in the design of these systems has been given to intermittent RES and to storage technologies. The analysis reveals that at the moment the 50% renewable energy system seems much more likely than the 100% renewable energy system, but with additional energy efficiency measures, which will lead to a decrease of consumption and with installation of new generation capacities this goal can be easily achieved.

Published in: Applied EnergyLink to article, DOI: 10.1016DOI: 10. /j.apenergy.2016 Publication date: 2016 Document VersionPeer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Dominkovic, D. F., Baekovi, I., osi, B., Krajai, G., Pukšec, T., Dui, N., & Markovska, N. (2016 features, various climates and significant differences in gross domestic product per capita, so the 39 integration of their energy systems is considered to be a challenging task. Large differences 40 between energy mixes, still largely dominated by fossil-fuel consumption, make this task even more 41 demanding. 42This paper presents the transition steps to a 100 % renewable energy system which need to be 43 carried out until the year 2050 in order to achieve zero carbon energy society. Novelty of this paper 44 compared to other papers with similar research goals is the assumed sustainable use of biomass in 45 the 100% renewable energy system of the region considered. It is important to emphasize here that 46 only the sustainable use of biomass can be considered carbon-neutral. The resulting biomass 47 consumption of the model was 725.94 PJ for the entire region, which is in line with the biomass 48 potential of the region. Modelling the zero-carbon energy system was carried out using the smart 49 energy system concept, together with its main integration pillars, i.e. power-to-heat and power-to-50 gas technologies. The resulting power generation mix shows that a wide variety of energy sources 51 need to be utilized and no single energy source has more than a 30 % share, which also increases 52 the security of supply. Wind turbines and photovoltaics are the main technologies with shares of 53 28.9 % and 22.5 %, followed by hydro power, concentrated solar power, biomass (mainly used in 54 cogeneration units) and geothermal energy sources. To keep the biomass consumption within the 55 sustainability limits, there is a need for some type of synthetic fuel in the transportation sector. 56Nevertheless, achieving 100 % renewable energy system also promises to be financially beneficial, 57 as the total calculated annual socio-economic cost of the region is approximately 20 billion euros 58 lower in the year 2050 than in the base year. Finally, energy efficiency measures will play an 59 important role in the transition to the zero-carbon energy society: the model shows that primary 60 energy supply will be 50.9 % lower than in the base year. 61Keywords: smart energy system; renewable energy system; zero carbon; South East Europe; 62 sustainable biomass; energy efficiency 63 64

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Water resources are a crucial problem for a number of arid countries. One possible solution for this issue is the implementation of desalination but its utilization can greatly increase the demand for electricity. An important concept for a wide scale implementation of desalination is the integration of water and energy resources. Jordan is currently one of the most water deprived countries in the world. It is also a country very rich in renewable energy sources but almost no utilization of that potential. A combination of desalination, pump storage that utilize the produced brine and renewable energy sources could solve both issues. The desalination plants could produce enough water to ensure the supply for Jordan's ever growing population while the use of wind and solar power could provide much needed electricity and reduce the need for imported fossil fuels as well as CO2 emissions. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the impact of desalination in a combination with pump storage that utilizes the produced brine on the penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources in an energy system. The analysis has been conducted on a case study for the country of Jordan using the EnergyPLAN advanced energy system analyses tool.

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a b s t r a c tThis paper provides methodology for regional analysis of biomass energy potential and for assessing the cost of the biomass at the power plant (PP) location considering transport distance, transport costs and size of the power plants. Also, methodology for determination of an upper-level price of the biomass which energy plant can pay to the external suppliers has been proposed. The methodology was applied on the case of Croatia and energy potential of biomass in the Croatian counties was calculated, using different methodologies, for wheat straw, corn stover and forestry residues, types of biomass considered economically viable at the moment. Results indicate that the average energy potential of wheat straw is 8.5 PJ, corn stover 7.2 PJ and forestry residues 5.9 PJ.

a b s t r a c tThis paper provides a solution for managing excess heat production in trigeneration and thus, increases the power plant yearly efficiency. An optimization model for combining biomass trigeneration energy system and pit thermal energy storage has been developed. Furthermore, double piping district heating and cooling network in the residential area without industry consumers was assumed, thus allowing simultaneous flow of the heating and cooling energy. As a consequence, the model is easy to adopt in different regions. Degree-hour method was used for calculation of hourly heating and cooling energy demand. The system covers all the yearly heating and cooling energy needs, while it is assumed that all the electricity can be transferred to the grid due to its renewable origin. The system was modeled in MatlabÓ on hourly basis and hybrid optimization model was used to maximize the net present value (NPV), which was the objective function of the optimization. Economic figures become favorable if the economy-of-scale of both power plant and pit thermal energy storage can be utilized. The results show that the pit thermal energy storage was an excellent option for storing energy and shaving peaks in energy demand. Finally, possible switch from feed-in tariffs to feed-in premiums was assessed and possible subsidy savings have been calculated. The savings are potentially large and can be used for supporting other renewable energy projects.