The strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), indicated by a large coercivity of 590 Oe, is obtained in CoFeB/Pd multilayers through a systematic study that involves using various substrates (Si, glass, sapphire, and MgO) and seed layers (Al and Ta) and also varying the thickness of the seed layer. The PMA is nearly independent of the substrate when Al is used as a seed layer, but the dependence increases significantly with increasing seed layer thickness. The behavior becomes rather complicated for the multilayers with a Ta seed layer, showing a large substrate dependence and a large seed layer thickness dependence.
The temperature increase due to Joule heating in a nanopillar of a magnetic tunnel junction sandwiched by top and bottom electrodes was calculated by the finite element method. The results for the critical condition for the current-induced magnetization switching measured over a wide current-pulse range were taken from the literature. At long pulse widths, the temperature increase was solely dependent on the magnitude of the critical current density. However, no saturation in the temperature increase occurred for short pulse widths. In this case, the temperature increase additionally depended on the pulse width, so that a broad maximum occurred in the pulse width (or the critical current density) dependence of the temperature increase. The original results for the critical condition were corrected by accounting for the temperature increase and these corrected results, together with the Slonczewski equation, were used to extract an accurate value for the thermal stability factor.
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