Prenatal stress causes learning deficits by inhibiting neurogenesis in the hippocampus. We studied the effects of maternal treadmill running or offspring treadmill running on the spatial learning ability of adolescent offspring rats or adult offspring rats born to maternal rats that received stress during pregnancy. For this study, spatial learning ability was measured by radial 8-arm maze task. Immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and Western blot for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were also conducted. Stress was induced by exposing pregnant rats to hound in an enclosed room. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring improved spatial learning ability of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring increased hippocampal cell proliferation of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring increased BDNF and TrkB expression in the hippocampus of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring inhibited Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression in the hippocampus of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Mother's exercise during pregnancy or child's exercise after childbirth can improve the spatial learning ability deteriorated due to stress during pregnancy.
Yang, J.S., Hwang, B.G., Ko, D.G. The effects of exercise program with added weight on human function, active fitness and quality of life in the frail elderly. Exercise Science. 19(1): 79-88, 2010. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise program with added weight on human function, active fitness and quality of life in the frail elderly. Thirty-two frail female elderly were participated in this study(exercise group: sixteen, control group: sixteen). The exercise program was carried out three per week for 12weeks. Data were analyzed with χ 2 -test, paired t-test and independent t-test using SPSS program. The results were as follows; Exercise program for the frail elderly showed statistically significant effects on improving human function(62.5%), grip strength(dominant: 31.9%, non-dominant: 31.8%), single leg stand(111.7%), timed up & go(21.9%). Quality of life(21.5%) also showed statistically significant improvement after exercise training, but not statistically significant compared to the control group. From what has been discussed above, exercise program for the frail elderly people was very effective on improving function and quality of life.
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