Measurements of intermediate range ground motions and of structural response were made during the Pre-Gondola high explosive cratering experiments at Fort Peck, Montana. Liquid nitromethane charges (1000-lb and 20-ton), emplaced at various depths of burst, and a 140-ton row charge were detonated in the Bearpaw shale, which is a weak, wet clay-shale medium. An additional experiment to validate a charge emplacement concept designed to decouple seismic energy proved inconclusive. All seismic measurements were of particle velocity. Using an inverse power law equation to describe the attenuation of seismic amplitudes with distance, it is found that the amplitudes -2 4 from the single charges decayed as approximately R ' , and amplitudes from the row--1 7 charge decayed as R " . A dependence of amplitudes on depth of burst exists, and a yield scaling exponent near 0.8 appears to be appropriate.-A -kfR It is suggested that a variation of particle velocity with distance as R e , where f is the signal frequency, is a more physically realistic description of attenuation than is the inverse power law. The preliminary data from the 140-ton row charge appear to fit this type of attenuation law, and indicate that A = 0.5 and k = 0.015 sec/km. An estimate is made of the near-source variation of peak seismic amplitude with frequency for the row charge, and predictions are made for possible future row-charge cratering experiments at the site.
INTRODUCTION This paper offers empirical evidence of the accuracy of the clinical application of the RateFast Goniometer smartphone app. Using multiple comparative measures and interrater reliability measures, this paper investigates the effective ness of this digital goniometer app for physicians practicing in both the office and in telemedicine clinical settings. METHODS Three experiments were performed to test the reliability of the RateFast Goniometer app. The first involved measuring preset angles to test its accuracy. The second experiment involved measuring randomly drawn angles to determine if switching users has any effect on the results. The last experiment measured shoulder angles (flexion and extension planes) of 53 volunteers to determine the accuracy of the RateFast Goniometer app in both haptic mode (for use in an in -person clinical setting) and camera mode (for use in a telemedicine clinical setting). RESULT In the first experiment, the average difference between measurements was 0.6° and the average standard deviation was 0.3°. In the second experiment, the angles measured with the RateFast goniometer were less than those measured with a protractor, averaging to a difference of 0.9°. In the third experiment, the haptic mode measurements and the camera mode measurements had an average difference of 1.2° and the standard deviation of the difference between haptic and camera measurements was determined to be 4.7° across all volunteers. CONCLUSION In all three experiments, the error rate found using the RateFast Goniometer app which is within the error tolerance according to the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fifth Edition (AMA Guides), which stipulates that measurements of shoulder angles must be within 10% of one another. The RateFast Goniometer app and similar digital goniometer applications can be used to accurately measure angles in both in -person and telemedicine settings according to the standards of accuracy set forth in the AMA Guides.
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