Objectif : L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer les propriétés de quelques farines formulées à partir de maïs germé enrichi de larves de Rhynchophorus phoenicis (charançon africain du palmier) et de Oryctes owariencis (scarabée rhinocéros). Méthodologie et Résultats : Pour ce faire, différentes compositions de farines de maïs germé et de poudre de larves (PL) ont été préparées comme suit : les farines composées lot1 (maïs 80% + PL20%), lot2 (maïs 78,5% + PL22,5%), lot3 (maïs 75% + PL25%). Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques, les propriétés fonctionnelles et microbiologiques de ces farines ont été déterminées selon les méthodes standards. Les résultats ont révélé que l’incorporation de la poudre de larves comestibles à la farine de maïs a amélioré significativement les paramètres biochimiques notamment la teneur en protéines, en matière grasse et la valeur énergétique. Ainsi, les farines de maïs germé enrichies avec Oryctes owariensis ont présenté une teneur plus élevée en protéines allant jusqu’à 29,73±5,87% pour le FMaGO25. Cependant, celles enrichies au Rhynchophorus phoenicis avaient des taux de matières grasses plus élevées estimées à 21,24±0,772% avec 466,67±9,325 kcal/100MS pour la FMaGR 22,5. Toutefois, seule la farine FMaGR20 est proche du standard établi par le codex alimentarius. Aussi, Les charges microbiologiques détectées dans ces farines ont été inférieures aux normes microbiologiques applicables aux farines. Conclusion et application : L’incorporation des larves de Oryctes owariensis et de Rhynchophorus phoenicis a permis d’obtenir une farine de maïs enrichi. Ces formulations pourront donc alors être recommandées dans la lutte contre les carences nutritionnelles, Ainsi la FMaGR20 contribuera à lutter contre la malnutrition infantile. Motsclés : Farine améliorée, maïs germé, larves, Rhynchophorus phoenicis, Oryctes owariensis, d’insectes comestibles Angaman et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2021 Propriétés physico-chimiques, fonctionnelles et microbiologiques de la farine de maïs germé enrichie de larves d'insectes comestibles Rhynchophorus phoenicis et Oryctes owariensis 16311 Physicochemical, functional and microbiological properties of sprouted corn flour enriched with larvae of Edible insects Rhynchophorus phoenicis and Oryctes owariensis ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the properties of the flour formulated from enriched sprouted corn, Rhynchophorus phoenicis and larvae of Oryctes owariencis. Methodology and Results: To do this, different compositions of sprouted corn flours and larval powder (PL) were prepared as follows: the compound flours lot1 (corn 80% + PL20%), lot2 (corn 78.5% + PL22.5%), lot3 (corn 75% + PL25%) The physicochemical characteristics, functional and microbiological properties of these flours were determined according to standard methods. The results revealed that the incorporation of the powder of edible larvae in corn flour significantly improved the biochemical parameters including the protein content, fat content and energy value. Thus, sprouted corn flours enriched with Oryctes owariensis exhibited a higher protein content of up to 29.73 ± 5.87% for FMaGO25. However, those enriched with Rhynchophorus phoenicis had higher fat levels estimated at 21.24 ± 0.772% with 466.67 ± 9.325 kcal / 100MS for FMaGR 22.5. However, only FMaGR20 flour is close to the standard established by Codex Alimentarius. Microbiological loads detected in these flours were lower than standards applicable to flours. Conclusion and application: Incorporation of the larvae of Oryctes owariensis and Rhynchophorus phoenicis made it possible to obtain an enriched corn flour. These formulations can therefore be recommended in the fight against nutritional deficiencies. Thus, FMaGR20 will contribute to the fight against child malnutrition. Keywords: Improved flour, sprouted corn, larvae, Rhynchophorus phoenicis, Oryctes owariensis, Edible insects
L'entomophagie qui consiste à la consommation des insectes par l‘Homme n'est pas un phénomène inaccoutumé. Elle est impulsée aujourd’hui par la FAO comme étant une source alternative durable de protéine animale pour la consommation humaine à cause de la forte croissance de la population mondiale d’ici à 2050 qui atteindra les 9 milliards d‘habitants. Cependant, elle fait face à de nombreuses contraintes dues au manque d’information du secteur. Ainsi, dans l’intérêt de lever tout équivoque sur l’entomophagie, cette étude fut menée et dont l’objectif était d’identifier les différents types d’insectes et les stéereootypes liés à la consommation pour une meilleure valorisation afin de lutter contre l'insécurité alimentaire en Côte d’Ivoire. A cet effet, une enquête de terrain pilotée dans 4 villes différentes (Daloa, Man, Bouaké, Korhogo) auprès de la population a permis de mettre en lumière les freins et les motivations de sa consommation en Côte d’ivoire. En effet, 1806 personnes ont été interrogées et il en ressort que 60,46% sont entomophages et sont constitués de personnes de tout âge, de toutes les professions. La consommation de ces insectes était fortement motivée par l’arôme (38%). Par ailleurs, l’indisponibilité (42,51%), l’aspect (37%) et ajoutés à la méconnaissance (12%) sont autant de facteurs limitant la pratique de l’entomophagie en Côte d’Ivoire. A l’état actuel, 11 espèces sont identifiées comme comestibles dont la plus prisée est la larve du Rhynchophorus phoenicis et la plus consommée le termite ailé Macrotermes subhyalinus du fait de sa plus grande disponibilité. Entomophagy which consists in the consumption of insects by humans is not an unusual phenomenon. It is promoted today by the FAO as a sustainable alternative source of animal protein for human consumption because of the strong growth of the world population by 2050 which will reach 9 billion inhabitants. However, it faces many constraints due to the lack of information in the sector. Thus, in the interest of clearing up any ambiguity on entomophagy, this study was carried out, the objective of which was to identify the different types of insects and the stereootypes linked to consumption for a better valuation in order to fight against the food insecurity in Côte d'Ivoire. To this end, a field survey piloted in 4 different towns (Daloa, Man, Bouaké, Korhogo) among the population shed light on the obstacles and motivations for their consumption in Côte d'Ivoire. Indeed, 1806 people were interviewed and it emerged that 60.46% are entomophagous made up of people of all ages, from all professions. Consumption of these insects was strongly motivated by aroma (38%). In addition, unavailability (42.51%), appearance (37%) and added to ignorance (12%) are all factors limiting the practice of entomophagy in Côte d'Ivoire. At present, 11 species are identified as edible, the most popular of which is the larva of Rhynchophorus phoenicis and the most consumed is the winged termite Macrotermes subhyalinus due to its greater availability.
Protein-energy malnutrition affects approximately 170 million children under 5, with a prevalence of 40% in South Asia and 50% in sub-Saharan Africa. In Côte d'Ivoire nearly 30% of children suffer from chronic malnutrition, 8% are wasted and 15% are underweight. FAO sees insects as a sustainable alternative to animal protein in the face of dwindling natural resources and environmental pressures. Thus, insects appear more and more as a solution of the future. To date, the consumption of insects indicated by the term entomophagy has generated enormous interest. In such a context, an evaluation of nutritional parameters of insects seems essential. To do this, laboratory analyzes for the physicochemical and functional characterizations were performed. The nutritional profile established on six species of insects collected confirms that they are real sources of nutrients (proteins, lipids and minerals) capable of compensating for the nutritional deficiencies of populations, especially pregnant women and children. These insects are very rich in magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium. Apart from their nutritional potential, the functional properties such as water and oil absorption capacity observed make them suitable for the formulation of foods.
Edible insects are an important source of nutrients that can help to cover certain nutritional deficiencies. This is the case with Macrotermes subhyalinus, a species of termite widely consumed in Côte d'Ivoire. This study was carried out to assess the mineral content and their bioavailability in the different castes (winged, queen and soldier) of this species. For this, the levels of antinutritional factors, the levels of minerals and their bioavailability were determined. Magnesium and potassium contents vary respectively from 977.18 mg/100g DM to 1405.45 mg/100g DM and from 6658.20 mg/100g DM to 9879.38 mg/100g DM. The winged M. subhyalinus had the higher levels of copper (62 mg/100g DM) and manganese (2867 mg/100g DM). While the queen had the highest values for sodium (2158.9 mg/100g DM) and selenium (0.67 mg/100g DM). As for M. subhyalinus soldier, it was rich in calcium (3323.4 mg/100g DM), zinc (127 mg/100g DM), iron (2657 mg/100g DM) and molybdenum (0.48 mg/100g DM). Regarding the content of antinutritional factors, the highest values are observed with M. subhyalinus soldier in phytate (451.85±28.49 mg/100g DM) and in tannins (35.32±0.98 mg/100g DM). M. subhyalinus queen has the highest oxalate content (12.57±0.48 mg/100g DM). The calculated molar ratios vary from 0.02 to 0.9 with oxalate and from 0.09 to 35.57 with phytates. These insects could be recommended for children suffering from micronutrient deficiency malnutrition.
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