Adsorption behavior of Reactive Red 120 from aqueous solutions onto rice husk-derived biochar was examined in batch mode of operation. To obtain the optimized conditions, various adsorption variables including temperature, initial dye concentration, biochar dosage, pH, and contact time were studied for effective remediation of the dye. The results showed that biochar uptake capacity varied linearly with biochar dosage and pH, but varied nonlinearly with temperature. The optimum value of pH, temperature, and a dosage of biochar was obtained as 2.0, 35°C, and 1 g/L, respectively, for reactive red 120 adsorption. TG analysis, FTIR, and SEM were used to investigate biochar characterization, and the results revealed that dye sorption onto biochar caused biochar variation. The possibility of reusing the biochar was examined from desorption studies, and they are conducted by studying different elutants and by altering the ratio of solid to liquid. From the results of experiments, the rice husk-derived biochar was reported to remediate reactive red 120 with the maximum removal efficiency of 75%.
The decolorization of reactive yellow 145 from wastewater in batch mode of operation using groundnut shell-based biochar was studied in the present research. The adsorption process was studied by investigating the effects of different adsorption variables such as temperature, initial dye concentration, pH, and biochar dosage. The results showed that biochar dosage had a substantial impact on dye absorption potential. The equilibrium biochar dosage was determined to be 1 g/L, with an absorption capacity of 7.33 mg/g. The effect of pH was examined by varying between 2.0 and 5.0, and equilibrium pH was obtained at pH 2.0. The effect of temperature was examined by varying temperature ranges from 30 to 45°C, and the optimum condition was identified as 35°C. The characteristics of biochar were studied using analytical instruments, and results concluded that dye sorption onto biochar resulted in variation of biochar. Desorption studies were carried out to evaluate the biochar potential by examining various elutants and altering the solid to liquid ratio. Groundnut shell-generated biochar was reported to remediate dye-bearing Remazol wastewater with a removal effectiveness of about 62% based on the experimental data.
Flood Inundation mapping and satellite imagery monitoring are critical and effective responses during flood events. Mapping of a flood using optical data is limited due to the unavailability of cloud-free images. Because of its capacity to penetrate clouds and operate in all kinds of weather, synthetic aperture radar is preferred for water inundation mapping. Flood mapping in Eastern India's Baitarani River Basin for 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 was performed in this study using Sentinel-1 imagery and Google Earth Engine with Otsu's algorithm. Different machine-learning algorithms were used to map the LULC of the study region. Dual polarizations VH and VV and their combinations VV×VH, VV + VH, VH-VV, VV-VH, VV/VH, and VH/VV were examined to identify non-water and water bodies. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) map derived from Sentinel-2 data validated the surface water inundation with 80% accuracy. The total inundated areas were identified as 440.3 km2 in 2018, 268.58 km2 in 2019, 178.40 km2 in 2020, 203.79 km2 in 2021, and 321.33 km2 in 2022, respectively. The overlap of flood maps on the LULC map indicated that flooding highly affected agriculture and urban areas in these years. The approach using the near-real-time Sentinel-1 SAR imagery and GEE platform can be operationalized for periodic flood mapping, helps develop flood control measures, and helps enhance flood management. The generated annual flood inundation maps are also useful for policy development, agriculture yield estimation, crop insurance framing, etc.
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