Monoclinic gallium oxide (β-Ga 2 O 3 ) nanowires and zigzag-shaped nanostructures were synthesized successfully by heat treating the pre-prepared GaN powder at 900 °C in dry nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere. The structures, morphologies, and compositions of the calcined products have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results revealed that the as-synthesized β-Ga 2 O 3 nanowires and zigzag-shaped nanostuctures were pure, with high crystallinities and lengths of up to tens of micrometers.Here, The formation of diameter-modulated zigzag β-Ga 2 O 3 nanostructures is reported for the first time. A possible growth mechanism for the formation of different morphologies of β-Ga 2 O 3 is proposed. Besides, the optical property of β-Ga 2 O 3 was observed in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra, which showed that the as-prepared product emits strong visible luminescence at 416 and 580 nm (λ ex ) 250 nm).
The measurement of semantic similarity between concepts is an important research topic in natural language processing. In the past, several approaches for measuring the semantic similarity between concepts have been proposed based on WordNet or Wikipedia. However, improvements in the measurement accuracy of most methods have led to a dramatic increase in time complexity, and the existing methods do not effectively integrate WordNet and Wikipedia. In this paper, we focus on designing an efficient semantic similarity method based on WordNet and Wikipedia. To improve the accuracy of WordNet edgebased measures, we propose an edge weight model for combining edge and density information, which assigns a weight to each edge adaptively based on the number of direct hyponyms of the subsumer. Second, to improve the computational efficiencies of the existing Wikipedia link vector-based measures, we propose a new Wikipedia link feature-based semantic similarity method that converts Wikipedia links into semantic knowledge and replaces the TF-IDF statistical weight model in the existing measures. In addition, we propose two new word disambiguation strategies to further improve the accuracy of Wikipedia linkbased measures. Finally, to fully exploit the advantages of WordNet and Wikipedia, we propose two new aggregation schemas for combining WordNet "is-a" semantics and Wikipedia link semantics to replace the current aggregation schemas that combine WordNet "is-a" semantics with category semantics in Wikipedia. The experimental results show that our aggregation models are outstanding in terms of accuracy, efficiency and word coverage compared to state-of-the-art similarity measures.
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