Anionic and cationic defects are
considered as one of the crucial factors that affect carrier transport
property and degradation of perovskite photovoltaic materials. Herein,
we demonstrate a simple passivation of hot casted perovskite film
in air by a dipolar ion, 2-thiophene ethylammonium chloride (TEACl),
showing enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cell from
15.44% to 18.84% with increased open circuit voltage (V
oc) by 50 mV. The dipolar ion of TEACl can simultaneously
passivate both cationic and anionic defects. Space charge limited
current model, Urbach energy analysis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy
were conducted and revealed that the defects passivated by TEACl reduced
the defects density of perovskite films, nonradiative recombination,
and electronic disorder. In addition, the device with TEACl passivation
exhibited outstanding stability of power output (<0.1% decay) as
compared with the device without passivation (>8% decay) from the
300 s measurement of current verse time plots (J–T plots) at 65% relative humidity and 50 °C in air.
The 80% of initial PCE was maintained after 700 h storage. As compared
to conventional passivation approaches which are typically carried
out at complicated crystallization step of perovskite, this post-treatment
process can be easily done on the crystallized perovskite film. This
facile approach is upscale and compatible with conventional coating
techniques such as slot-die coating, spray, etc. for high-quality
perovskite film.
Three new diterpenoids (1-3) (two abietane type diterpenoids and a paralianone type diterpenoid), together with four known compounds (4-7) were isolated from the whole plants of Euphorbia peplus. Their structures were elucidated through spectroscopic analysis and physicochemical characteristics. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1-7 against five human tumor cell lines were evaluated, however, they were inactive at the concentration of 40 μM. The compound 3 enhanced lysosomal biogenesis with Lyso Tracker staining
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