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When designing amorphous solid dispersions, it isrecommended that these thermodynamic, kinetic and environmental aspects should be completely investigatedand compared to establish rationale formulations for amorphous solid dispersions with high physical stability.

Growing evidence shows that generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from antibiotic-induced metabolic perturbation contribute to antibiotic lethality. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms by which antibiotic-induced oxidative stress actually kills cells remains elusive. Here, we show that oxidation of dCTP underlies ROS-mediated antibiotic lethality via induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Deletion of -encoded 5-OH-dCTP-specific pyrophosphohydrolase potentiates antibiotic killing of stationary-phase mycobacteria, but did not affect antibiotic efficacy in exponentially growing cultures. Critically, the effect of deletion on potentiating antibiotic killing is associated with antibiotic-induced ROS and accumulation of 5-OH-dCTP. Independent lines of evidence presented here indicate that the increased level of DSBs observed in the mutant is a dead-end event accounting for enhanced antibiotic killing. Moreover, we provided genetic evidence that 5-OH-dCTP is incorporated into genomic DNA via error-prone DNA polymerase DnaE2 and repair of 5-OH-dC lesions via the endonuclease Nth leads to the generation of lethal DSBs. This work provides a mechanistic view of ROS-mediated antibiotic lethality in stationary phase and may have broad implications not only with respect to antibiotic lethality but also to the mechanism of stress-induced mutagenesis in bacteria.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages and dendritic cells. Much attention has been paid to the mechanisms for regulation of NLRP3 against Mtb. However, whether epigenetic mechanisms participated in NLRP3 activation is still little known. Here we showed that NLRP3 activation was regulated by DNA methylation modification. Mtb infection promoted NLRP3 activation and inflammatory cytokines expression. NLRP3 promoter was cloned and subsequently identified by Dual-Luciferase Reporter System. The results showed that NLRP3 promoter activity was decreased after methylation by DNA methylase Sss I in vitro. Meanwhile, DNA methyltransferases inhibitor DAC could upregulate the expression of NLRP3. Furthermore, promoter region of NLRP3 gene was demethylated after Mtb H37Rv strain infection. These data revealed that DNA methylation was involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation during Mtb infection and provided a new insight into the relationship between host and pathogens.

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