Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are widely used to monitor and control industrial processes. They provide the key functionality of real-time monitoring, logging/archiving, report generation, and automation for smart grid, which is a promising power delivery system for the near future. On the basis of these functionalities, various SCADA architectures, including hardware and software architecture, have been proposed and standardized; however, the most open and expediently growing areas in the smart grid are the infrastructure and technologies for the SCADA communication and security. In this paper, we provide a review for many documented standards in SCADA, and we also review its state-of-the-art communication and security aspects.
Electrical impedance measurements of biological tissues, also referred to as bioimpedance, quantify the passive electrical properties of these materials. The motivation behind collecting these measurements is to provide details regarding the electrochemical structures and processes within these tissues. Bioimpedance measures have recently been investigated as a method to monitor morphological and physiological changes that occur in skeletal muscle during contraction as well as result from fatigue. Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise intensity during a fatiguing protocol of the biceps brachii on the electrical impedance changes of biceps tissue due to an isotonic protocol. Approach: Resistance (R) and reactance (X) measurements were collected from the right and left biceps of 18 participants pre and post execution of a fatiguing protocol using an isotonic exercise to task failure at two intensities, either 60% (N=10) or 75% (N=8) of their assessed one-repetition maximum strength. Main Results: There were significant differences (p<0.05) between the pre and post fatigue R and X within groups due to the exercise protocol. But no significant differences (p>0.05) of the R and X between groups at different intensities and no significant differences (p>0.05) of changes between the left and right biceps in both groups. Significance: These results show that the level of exercise intensity did not significantly impact the changes in electrical impedance of the biceps tissue between the two intensity groups in this study when the same fatigue criteria are used, which is an important consideration when using EIM to monitor changes as a result of fatigue and exercise related injury.
Ontologies are at the heart of knowledge management and make use of information that is not only written in English but also in many other natural languages. In order to enable knowledge discovery, sharing and reuse of these multilingual ontologies, it is necessary to support ontology mapping despite natural language barriers. This paper examines the soundness of a generic approach that involves machine translation tools and monolingual ontology matching techniques in cross-lingual ontology mapping scenarios. In particular, experimental results collected from case studies which engage mappings of independent ontologies that are labeled in English and Chinese are presented. Based on findings derived from these studies, limitations of this generic approach are discussed. It is shown with evidence that appropriate translations of conceptual labels in ontologies are of crucial importance when applying monolingual matching techniques in cross-lingual ontology mapping. Finally, to address the identified challenges, a semantic-oriented cross-lingual ontology mapping (SOCOM) framework is proposed and discussed.
Abstract. Various ontology visualization techniques have been developed over the years, offering essential interfaces to users for browsing and interacting with ontologies, in an effort to assist with ontology understanding. Yet few studies have focused on evaluating the usability of existing ontology visualization techniques. This paper presents an eye-tracking user study that evaluates two commonly used ontology visualization techniques, namely, indented list and graph. The eye-tracking experiment and analysis presented in this paper complements the set of existing evaluation protocols for ontology visualization. In addition, the results found from this study contribute to a greater understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the two visualization techniques, and in particular, how and why one is more effective than the other. Based on approximately 500MB of eye movement data containing around 30 million rows of gaze data generated by a Tobii eye tracker, we found evidence suggesting indented lists are more efficient at supporting information searches and graphs are more efficient at supporting information processing.
The localized bicep tissue bioimpedance was measured from participants who completed an eccentric exercise protocol with one arm and no exercise with the other arm to compare changes that occur as a result of the exercise protocol over a 96h observation period. Methods: The localized bicep bioimpedance, bicep circumference, and self-reports of bicep pain were collected from 6 volunteers at pre, post, 24h, 48h, 72h, and 96h timepoints after completing an eccentric exercise protocol of the elbow flexor muscles. Results: The unexercised bicep showed no statistically significant differences between the pre-exercise and post-exercise measures at any timepoints for all impedance measures and circumference. The exercised bicep showed statistically significant decreases (p < 0.01) for 10 kHz, 50 kHz, and 100 kHz impedance (resistance and reactance) and increases of bicep circumference at the 72h and 96h post-protocol timepoints, compared to the pre-protocol measurements. The self-reports of pain of the exercised bicep also showed statistically significant increases (p < 0.01) at the 48h and 72h timepoints compared to the baseline reports. Conclusion: Completion of the eccentric protocol resulted in increases of bicep circumference and decreases in the magnitude of resistance and reactance components of the localized tissue bioimpedance; with maximum changes of swelling and impedance occurring at the same post-protocol timepoints. These changes support that localized tissue bioimpedance is sensitive to the changes that occur as a result of the exercise protocol with the potential to quantify tissues for exercise induced changes. Significance: Localized tissue bioimpedance is sensitive to the changes that occur from eccentric exercise and may be a potential method to non-invasively quantify tissues for changes due to exercise, fatigue, injury, and recovery.
Computer vision has achieved impressive progress in recent years. Meanwhile, mobile phones have become the primary computing platforms for millions of people. In addition to mobile phones, many autonomous systems rely on visual data for making decisions and some of these systems have limited energy (such as unmanned aerial vehicles also called drones and mobile robots). These systems rely on batteries and energy efficiency is critical. This article serves two main purposes: (1) Examine the state-of-the-art for low-power solutions to detect objects in images. Since 2015, the IEEE Annual International Low-Power Image Recognition Challenge (LPIRC) has been held to identify the most energy-efficient computer vision solutions. This article summarizes 2018 winners' solutions. (2) Suggest directions for research as well as opportunities for low-power computer vision.
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