Chronic stress refers to the non-specific systemic reaction that occurs when the body is stimulated by various internal and external negative factors over a long time. The physiological response to chronic stress exposure has long been recognized as a potent modulator in the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, research has confirmed the correlation between atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Chronic stress is pervasive during negative life events and may lead to the formation of plaque. Several epidemiological studies have shown that chronic stress is an independent risk factor for the development of vascular disease and for increased morbidity and mortality in patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease. One possible mechanism for this process is that chronic stress causes endothelial injury, directly activating macrophages, promoting foam cell formation and generating the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. This mechanism involves numerous variables, including inflammation, signal pathways, lipid metabolism and endothelial function. The mechanism of chronic stress in atherosclerosis should be further investigated to provide a theoretical basis for efforts to eliminate the effect of chronic stress on the cardiocerebral vascular system.
Gut microbes are known as the body’s second gene pool. Symbiotic intestinal bacteria play a major role in maintaining balance in humans. Bad eating habits, antibiotic abuse, diseases, and a poor living environment have a negative effect on intestinal flora. Abnormal intestinal microbes are prone to cause a variety of diseases, affecting life expectancy and long-term quality of life, especially in older people. Several recent studies have found a close association between intestinal microorganisms and osteoporosis. The potential mechanism of intestinal flora affecting bone formation or destruction by mediating nitric oxide, the immune and endocrine systems, and other factors is briefly described in this review. All of these factors may be responsible for the intestinal flora that causes osteoporosis. Studying the relationship between intestinal flora and bone health not only provides new ideas for studying the role of intestinal microorganism in osteoporosis, but also provides a new therapeutic direction for clinically refractory osteoporosis. Study of the relationship between intestinal microbiota and osteoporosis is important for maintaining bone health and minimizing osteoporosis.
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