Aims  To investigate the effects of spironolactone on fibrosis and cardiac function in people at increased risk of developing heart failure. Methods and results  Randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial comparing spironolactone (50 mg/day) or control for up to 9 months in people with, or at high risk of, coronary disease and raised plasma B-type natriuretic peptides. The primary endpoint was the interaction between baseline serum galectin-3 and changes in serum procollagen type-III N-terminal pro-peptide (PIIINP) in participants assigned to spironolactone or control. Procollagen type-I C-terminal pro-peptide (PICP) and collagen type-1 C-terminal telopeptide (CITP), reflecting synthesis and degradation of type-I collagen, were also measured. In 527 participants (median age 73 years, 26% women), changes in PIIINP were similar for spironolactone and control [mean difference (mdiff): −0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.44 to 0.15 μg/L; P = 0.32] but those receiving spironolactone had greater reductions in PICP (mdiff: −8.1; 95% CI −11.9 to −4.3 μg/L; P < 0.0001) and PICP/CITP ratio (mdiff: −2.9; 95% CI −4.3 to −1.5; <0.0001). No interactions with serum galectin were observed. Systolic blood pressure (mdiff: −10; 95% CI −13 to −7 mmHg; P < 0.0001), left atrial volume (mdiff: −1; 95% CI −2 to 0 mL/m2; P = 0.010), and NT-proBNP (mdiff: −57; 95% CI −81 to −33 ng/L; P < 0.0001) were reduced in those assigned spironolactone. Conclusions  Galectin-3 did not identify greater reductions in serum concentrations of collagen biomarkers in response to spironolactone. However, spironolactone may influence type-I collagen metabolism. Whether spironolactone can delay or prevent progression to symptomatic heart failure should be investigated.

Asymptomatic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at greater risk of developing heart failure (HF). Fibrosis, leading to myocardial and vascular dysfunction, might be an important pathway of progression. The Heart OMics in AGing (HOMAGE) trial aims to investigate the effects of spironolactone on serum markers of collagen metabolism and on cardiovascular structure and function in people at risk of developing HF and potential interactions with a marker of fibrogenic activity, galectin-3.

Background: Further to their beneficial effects in established heart failure (HF), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may act upstream on mechanisms preventing incident HF. In people at risk for developing HF, the "Heart OMics in Aging" (HOMAGE) trial showed that spironolactone treatment could provide antifibrotic and anti-remodelling effects, potentially slowing the progression to HF.Objectives: To further understand the mechanisms underlying spironolactone effect, we assessed its impact on multiple plasma protein biomarkers and respective underlying biological pathways.Methods: Baseline, 1-month and 9-months (or last visit), plasma samples of HOMAGE participants were measured for protein biomarkers (n=276) using Olink®Proseek-Multiplex cardiovascular and inflammation panels. Spironolactone effect on biomarkers was assessed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and explored by knowledge-based network analysis.Results: 527 participants were enrolled, 265 were randomized to spironolactone (25-50 mg/day) and 262 to standard care ("control"). The median (percentile 25-75 ) age was 73 (69-79) years and 26% were female. Spironolactone reduced biomarkers of collagen metabolism (e.g., COL1A1, MMP2), BNP, biomarkers related to metabolic processes (e.g., PAPPA), inflammation and thrombosis (e.g., IL17A, VEGF and urokinase). Spironolactone increased biomarkers that reflect the blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor (e.g., renin), increased the levels of adipokines involved in anti-inflammatory response (e.g., RARRES2), biomarkers of haemostasis maintenance (e.g., tPA, UPAR), myelosuppressive activity (e.g., CCL16), insulin suppression (e.g., RETN), and inflammatory regulation (e.g., IL12B). Conclusion:Proteomic analyses suggest that spironolactone exerts pleiotropic effects including reduction in fibrosis, inflammation, thrombosis, congestion and vascular function

TE was associated with presence of vulnerable carotid plaque as well as increased risk of stroke in women, whereas no consistent associations were found for TT in either sex.