The main objective of the research was to determine the long-term and short-term correlation between CO2 emissions per capita, energy consumption per capita, and the level of economic growth of GDP per capita in the V4 countries. These countries, being EU members since 2004 and previously being in the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, have introduced a number of economic reforms, but in the area of climate protection, including decarbonization, they struggle with many problems, as their economies are largely dependent on energy from non-renewable resources. The results of the research are varied, but the authors confirmed, especially in the case of Poland, the long-term correlations between the studied variables. In the short term, such interdependencies also occurred, especially between the level of energy consumption per capita and the level of CO2 emissions.
The article presents the results of the introduction of the provisions suggested by the European Union's legislative authorities with regard to transport market regulation, referred to as the Mobility Package. The business of enterprises is based on planning, both in the short and long term, business decisions are made in advance, and internal and external factors taken into consideration. To emphasize the importance of the issues discussed, it is worth noting that the regulations under study constituted the first such in-depth change of the market since Poland joined the European Union. An earlier analysis of the solutions suggested allows enterprises to get ready for the upcoming changes and to take appropriate decisions to minimize their effects, if any. Consequently, the purpose of this paper was to attempt to assess the impact of the Mobility Package on the Polish road transport industry. To study this goal it was necessary to gather and analyse extensive research material originating from official statistical data, industry reports and scientific publications of domestic and foreign authors. The methodology of the research included analysis of the scientific literature, European Commission documents and statistical data analysis.
Purpose:The main aim of this article is to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Polish road freight transport industry. This paper seeks to understand the impacts on travel behavior and the transport system caused by the different actions and policies adopted by the governments and transport authorities to contain the COVID-19 spread. Design/Methodology/Approach: Econometric and statistical methods were used, including analysis of primary data, predictive model of exponential smoothing. Findings: Using primary data as part of the study, conclusions have been reached, stating that the imposition of the lock-down of the European economy had a negative impact on the shortterm business of transport enterprises. On the other hand, once the number of infections was reduced, followed by a reduction in restrictions, the number of road kilometers covered by the enterprises under survey increased. This increase was higher than in the corresponding periods of previous years. Practical Implications: The article analyses short-term effects on road freight transport of legal provisions aimed at limiting the virus's spread. Results can be helpful to draws some recommendations for transport systems derived and planning process by the enterprise. The researcher effect can also be helpful for national governments in terms of decision-making. Originality/Value: The literature review shows that most of the authors have focused on analyzing the situation of the road transport branch in China, while the impact of the coronavirus on road transport in Europe has not been studied to a more significant extent so far. The study of the case involves Polish transport enterprises making up the second-largest carrier in the Community when the size of its rolling stock and transport tasks is compared to that of other states. The consequences of the pandemic on road cargo transport by Polish carriers indicate the impact of COVID-19 on the economic situation of similar enterprises from other European Union states.
This study examines the cointegration and short- and long-run causal relationships between economic growth and CO2 emissions, fuel consumption and the amount of freight transported by road transport in the Visegrad Group countries between 1990 and 2019. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing methodology was used to develop the results for each tested dependent variable. The results confirmed a long-run cointegration between economic growth and fuel consumption by road transport in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In addition, a long-run relationship between economic growth and freight volume and CO2 emissions by transport was demonstrated for Slovakia. For Poland, there was only a long-run relationship between energy consumption by road freight transport and CO2 emissions. In the short run, relationships were shown between the volume of freight transported by the road freight transport sector and CO2 emissions for Hungary and Poland. Short-run relationships between economic growth and the volume of freight transported in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary are also interesting observations. The obtained results expand the information resources needed to make decisions on the direction of change in road transport. Additionally, the results can be used to prepare a proper environmental policy for road freight transport within the framework of the European Green Deal.
The key goal of this research was to figure out the short and long run relationship between environmental degradation caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, the level of GDP economic growth, and urbanization in the Visegrad Region countries (V4). The study used data from the years 1996–2020. In the methodological area, ARDL bound test, and ARDL and ECM models were used to determine the directions and strength of interdependence. The results show that in the case of some V4 countries (Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary), changes in the urbanization rate affect CO2 emissions. Moreover, it was confirmed that the phenomenon of urbanization influences the enhanced energy consumption in the studied countries. In the case of individual countries, these relationships were varied, both unidirectional and bidirectional. Their nature was also varied—there were both long and short-term relationships. These findings suggest that the V4 countries should increase renewable and ecological energy sources. It is also recommended to enhancement energy savings in the areas of both individual and industrial consumption by promoting low-emission solutions. This should be done while considering changes in urbanization.
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