Although freezing is the most common method used to preserve human milk, nutritional and immunological components may be lost during storage. Freeze-drying could increase the shelf life of human milk, while preserving its original characteristics. Seventy-two samples of freeze-dried human milk were stored for different periods of time, up to a maximum of 3 months, at 4 °C or 40 °C. Vitamin C, tocopherols, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acids composition were analyzed. A new HILIC-UHPLC method improving vitamin C determination was also validated. Ascorbic acid and total vitamin C concentrations significantly decreased at both temperatures, while antioxidant capacity only decreased at 40 °C. Fatty acids composition and both γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol contents remained unaltered. The stability after storage of freeze-dried milk was higher than that reported for frozen or fresh milk indicating that freeze-drying is a promising option to improve the preservation of human milk in banks.
An efficient fast gas chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of elaidic acid, vaccenic acid and rumenic acid contents in human plasma phospholipids and human milk was optimized and validated.Two capillary columns, RTX-2330 and SP-2560, both of high polarity but with different dimensions (40 m  0.18 mm I.D. and 0.10 mm film thickness, and 75 m  0.18 mm I.D. and 0.14 mm film thickness, respectively), were compared for the separation of these fatty acids within a complete fatty acid profile. Separation with the SP-2560 column gave the best results. In comparison with the commonly used 100 m  0.25 mm  0.20 mm columns, this new type of fast column allowed the separation of fatty acid methyl esters with the same resolution but in less time, 32.2 min. In addition, separation of the phospholipid fraction in human plasma samples was optimized by using 96-well extraction plates filled with an aminopropyl phase. Recoveries ranged between 95.8% and 103.7%. Intra-assay and inter-assay precision ranged between 0.76% and 8.87%. Application of this method showed that it is a rapid and reliable method for quick and correct identification and quantification of these fatty acids in routine analysis.
Hypercholesterolemia is the most common coronary risk factor among the Spanish population; 37.4% of the Spanish adult population have cholesterol levels between 190 and 240 mg/dl. Foods enriched with plant sterols (PS) can effectively reduce plasma cholesterol in patients with high levels. However, its effectiveness and safety in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia who are on medication (statins) or not has been less studied. The aim of this review is to establish the possible role of plant sterols in the control of hypercholesterolemia, as well as how safe they are for people with moderate hypercholesterolemia treated with statins. The main studies were looked at, regardless of design, language or publication date which studied the connection between "plant sterols" and "hypercholesterolemia", using Pubmed/Medline, SCOPUS and Google Scholar databases. The studies brought together in this review show that an intake of between 2 and 3g/day of plant sterols effectively reduces plasma cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Both clinical studies and available meta-analyses do not indicate any problems related to the drug-nutrient interaction associated with the use of plant sterol-enriched foods. In patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia where the use of statins is not justified a healthy diet, exercise and foods high in PS can provide the best therapeutic approach. La hipercolesterolemia es el factor de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuente en la población española. El 37,4% de la población adulta española presenta niveles de colesterol de entre 190 y 240 mg/dl. Los alimentos enriquecidos con esteroles vegetales (EV) pueden disminuir de forma efectiva el colesterol plasmático en pacientes con niveles elevados, sin embargo su efecto y seguridad en adultos con hipercolesterolemia moderada, tratados o no con fármacos (estatinas) ha sido menos estudiada. El objetivo de la presente revisión es establecer el posible papel de los esteroles vegetales en el control de la hipercolesterolemia, así como su seguridad en personas con hipercolesterolemia moderada tratada con estatinas. Se revisaron los principales estudios, sin limitación de diseño, lengua o fecha de publicación que relacionara "esteroles vegetales" e "hipercolesterolemia", explotando las bases de datos Pubmed/Medline, SCOPUS y Google Scholar. Los estudios recuperados en la presente revisión muestran que el aporte de entre 2 y 3g/día de esteroles vegetales disminuyen de forma efectiva los niveles de colesterol plasmático en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia. Tanto los estudios clínicos como los metaanálisis disponibles no muestran problemas relacionados con la interacción fármaco-nutriente asociada al uso de alimentos enriquecidos con EV. En pacientes con hipercolesterolemia moderada en que no esté justificado el uso de estatinas, una alimentación saludable, actividad física y alimentos con EV, puede constituir el mejor acercamiento terapéutico. PALABRAS CLAVE
En este estudio que dedico a Manuel Ballbé Mallol, cuya maravillosa amistad perdura indeleble en mi memoria, llevo a cabo una exposición resumida de las conclusiones de los científicos del IPCC y de las principales medidas jurídicas que se están adoptando, a nivel internacional y europeo, para luchar contra el cambio climático.
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