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This paper illustrates a methodology developed to analyze the influence of traffic conditions, i.e. volume and composition on accidents on different types of interurban roads in Spain, by applying negative binomial models. The annual average daily traffic was identified as the most important variable, followed by the percentage of heavy goods vehicles, and different covariate patterns were found for each road type. The analysis of hypothetical scenarios of the reduction of heavy goods vehicles in two of the most representative freight transportation corridors, combined with hypotheses of total daily traffic mean intensity variation, produced by the existence or absence of induced traffic gives rise to several scenarios. In all cases a reduction in the total number of accidents would occur as a result of the drop in the number of heavy goods transport vehicles, However the higher traffic intensity, resulting of the induction of other vehicular traffic, reduces the effects on the number of accidents on single carriageway road segments compared with high capacity roads, due to the increase in exposure. This type of analysis provides objective elements for evaluating policies that encourage modal shifts and road safety enhancements.

Research on the unique experiences of deaf people is rare, and limited information exists regarding the nature and extent of violence against this population. Existing scholarship highlights the increased vulnerabilities of deaf individuals; however, there remains a paucity of research that examines how deaf and hard of hearing individuals perceive their own victimization. Also lacking is research on the experiences of deaf individuals outside of the United States, where cultural norms and the status of the deaf may be quite different. In this article, we examine the relationship between violence and disability among 60 deaf people from developing countries. Each respondent is seeking legal asylum in the United States, and their asylum depositions provide the data for analysis. Thematic analyses reveal that deaf individuals experience abuse and violence within various social institutions and draw upon social perceptions of disability to explain their negative treatment. Notably, respondents cite their status as "devalued persons" as the driving factor behind institutional and interpersonal experiences of violence and, in some cases, respondents internalize this devalued status. The results suggest social conceptualizations of disability and deafness are important to consider in the context of violence and abuse.

Literature provides insights as to how interior immigration enforcement can foment legal cynicism among those it targets. Yet scholars know little about individuals’ evaluative judgments after a secondhand experience, such as when a relative is apprehended, detained, or deported by immigration enforcement. Drawing on data from 26 interviews with individuals who had a family member apprehended by immigration enforcement, I examine how people evaluate a relative’s immigration case and immigration law more broadly. I argue that a gendered legal attitude formation process occurs as family members make and express their evaluative judgments. Respondents often had limited information about the case, and they turned to available gendered discourses to express their legal attitudes. As a result, with a male relative, individuals invoked criminalization discourses, whereas with a female relative, they invoked motherhood discourses. Thus, family members of males who delegitimized immigration enforcement did so via a limited challenging of criminalization discourses, whereas the family members of females tended to delegitimize immigration enforcement via motherhood discourses. Other family members of males also drew from criminalization discourses to legitimize some aspects of immigration enforcement. I argue that this process of gendered legal attitude formation demonstrates the far-reaching consequences of a men’s criminalization.

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Thirteen ^103 patients at a methadone maintenance clinic admitted taking 33 heroin overdoses during their lives. Historical reconstruction revealed that most overdoses were covert suicide attempts. Only 12% were accidents due to variability of street samples. 38% of the covert suicide attempts were related to incarceration and the role of jail in contributing to the etiology of suicidal behavior in addicts is noted. Five cases are presented illustrating the causes of overdose in this group.