The transition to parenthood is often accompanied by declines in relationship satisfaction. Using longitudinal data from six waves of the German family panel pairfam ( N = 1,739), the authors tested whether these declines are driven by increases in and more intense forms of conflict (differential exposure hypothesis) and by a greater sensitivity to relationship conflicts after the transition to parenthood (differential vulnerability hypothesis). The analyses showed strong support for the differential exposure hypothesis among women and partial support among men. Across the transition to motherhood, women experience increases in conflict that account for decreases in relationship satisfaction. The findings showed no support for the differential vulnerability hypothesis, as neither men’s nor women’s relationship satisfaction becomes more sensitive to relationship conflicts across the transition to parenthood.
Perceptual deterrence research has consistently found that criminal offending is inversely related to subsequent perceptions of the risk of being caught or arrested. This inverse relationship has been dubbed an “experiential effect,” reflecting the idea that people learn by committing (undetected) crimes that the detection or arrest risk is lower than first feared. The current study explores the validity of this experiential argument. It relies on self-report data from 3,259 adolescent participants in the panel study Crime in the modern City (Duisburg, Germany). We computed detection rates and risk perceptions, and used fixed effects models to investigate the proposed experiential learning process. Most findings support the experiential argument: (1) juvenile offenses were rarely detected by the police, (2) juveniles (especially those inexperienced with crime) tended to overestimate the detection risk, (3) juveniles reduced their risk perceptions when they committed crimes, (4) this reduction occurred primarily among those who overestimated the detection risk in periods when they were not committing crimes. However, the study also produced the surprising finding that the experiential effect seems to be short-lived: people appeared to return to initial risk perception levels when they stopped committing crimes. Overall, the results corroborate the experiential argument. However, they also indicate that the argument may need revision to account for the potential short-term nature of the experiential effect. This “ephemerality effect” is good news for policy, as lowered risk perceptions will in most cases only temporarily increase the likelihood of future delinquency.
The consequences of pregnancy outcomes other than live birth on subjective well-being have rarely been analysed in research to date. This study examines pre-event determinants as well as the temporary and long-term effects of induced abortion and miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) on satisfaction with various domains of life. The data were derived from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam). The longitudinal sample consists of 5331 women of reproductive age, of whom 214 women had an induced abortion, 331 women had a miscarriage, and 1156 women had a live birth during the observation period. First, pre-event measures of women who had an induced abortion and women who had a miscarriage were compared with the pre-event measures of those women who gave birth. Second, fixed effects models were used to examine whether overall or domain-specific life satisfaction changed following a pregnancy termination. The results show that pregnancies resulting in abortion or miscarriage were less frequently preceded by pregnancy intentions compared to those resulting in live birth, and that induced abortion—but not miscarriage—was furthermore accompanied by lower pre-event satisfaction than live birth. Following both miscarriage and induced abortion, women experienced temporary declines in overall life satisfaction and showed persistently lower satisfaction in several domains of life. With regard to induced abortion, pre-event measures were a better predictor of overall well-being than the consequences of the event itself. Low life satisfaction might therefore be a risk factor for having an abortion rather than a result.
Hintergrund: Pseudothrombozytopenie (PTP) ist ein In-vitro-Phänomen, bei dem die Plättchenzahl durch automatische Zählgeräte falsch-niedrig bestimmt wird. Meist fällt die Thrombozytopenie als Zufallsbefund ohne entsprechende Blutungs-neigung auf. Wird dieses Phänomen nicht erkannt, können Fehldiagnosen mit u.U. erheblichen therapeutischen Konsequenzen die Folge sein. Anhand von eígenen Fallen und einer eingehenden Literaturanalyse sollen Ursachen, Erscheinungsbild, Häufigkeit, diagnostische und klinische Probleme der PTP näher beleuchtet werden. Kasuistiken: Wir berichten über 3 Fälle, die postoperativ einen deutlichen Thrombozytenabfall aufwiesen. Der Befund wurde im Sinne einer Verbrauchskoagulopathie im Rahmen einer Sepsis oder einer heparininduzierten Thrombozytopenie Typ II fehlinterpretiert und -therapiert. In zwei Fallen wurden völlig unnötig Thrombozyten transfundiert. In alien drei Fallen konnte eine durch Kälteagglutinine bedingte PTP, die sich erst postoperativ entwickelte, als Grund für die niedrigen Thrombozytenwerte nachgewiesen werden. Schluβfolgerung: Aus den beschriebenen Fallen ist zu folgern, daβ sich eine PTP in der Klinik während des postoperativen Krankheitsverlaufs entwickeln kann. Wegen des groβen differentialdiagnositschen Spektrums wird postoperativ kaum an die PTP gedacht. Dadurch ist das Risiko einer Fehleinschätzung und fehlerhaften Behandlung der Thrombozytopenie in dieser Situation besonders groβ. Bei niedrigen Thrombozytenwerten sollte daher immer eine PTP ausgeschlossen werden, auch wenn die Thrombozytopenie anders erklärbar scheint.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.