The Catholic Missionaries in Ethiopia was encouraged since the beginning of the Portuguese assistance against the Muslims in the war of Ahmed Grañ. The successive Ethiopian monarchal authority was engaged to defend a full-scale war between the Muslim Sultanates of Adal, led by Ibin Ibrāhīm al-Ġāzī usually known by many writers as Ahmed Grañ. The Portuguese expansion with the succeeding Jesuit mission in Ethiopia was a turning point in the history of Ethiopia. Moreover, the Portuguese and Spanish Jesuit missionaries were more attracted by the strategic location of the country. This, in fact, enabled them to monitor the expansion of Islamic power in the Red Sea and the long experienced Christian faith in the country that had further consolidated the Ethiopian and Portuguese alliance. Initially, a Jesuit undertaking led by Father Andrés D. Oviedo first entered the country in 1557 to have started the top-down conversion process. This research aims to assess the opportunities and challenges of the Jesuits missionary strategy for the Catholicization of Ethiopia from top to down Approach. To achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher used qualitative research approach to investigate the issue and used historical research design for this study as well. Historical research requires access to the original events or records that took place in the past as distinct procedure for the investigation. Thus, the primary sources that were produced at the time under study as well as secondary sources were used. Primary data sources such as Royal chronicles, Tarike Nagast, Diaries of eye witness, Jesuit texts and European travel accounts by travelers who visited the northern part of the country by the time have been used. Published and unpublished secondary sources such as books, articles, journals and internet sources were utilized. More significantly, the researcher verified the authenticity and credibility of the acquired historical source through accuracy, occurrence, relevance and authority. The findings of the research revealed that the Jesuits missionary ambition to implant Catholicism remained in vain with bloody wars that claim thousands of human lives. Ultimately, the Jesuit missionaries expelled from the country. However, they left behind a theological controversy that gave it to local theme to Catholicism in Ethiopia that finally resulted in the doctrinal debate particularly centered on the teaching of the two natures of Christ. The intense doctrinal debate which was held during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Ethiopia hastens to the absence of strong centralized monarchial authority that eventually led to the era of the princes.

No abstract

No abstract

The European Union is an intelligentsia that dreamed of a new Europe. The EU used technical and administrative skills to build the foundation of a new Europe. The purpose of this article is to examine the challenges and opportunities of the European Integration after the COVID 19 development. The researcher employed document analysis, Books, reports, brushers, leaflets, journals and articles as a source of secondary data. The data was analyzed by using thematic analysis for the qualitative data. The findings of the study showed that New European Union strategy and principles should be timely and relevant that should be stated in various European Union documents on any possible pandemic eruption. The nuisance prevention management and resolution should be translated in to a set of operational and implementation guide lines. The European Union should use its position as a major international player and historic partner to persuade international organizations to respond to any possible pandemic accordingly. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers recommended that the European Union development frame work should no longer focus merely on short term macro-economic issues instead the EU should also embrace social health and structural issues in a long term vision for the European Union Community. The EU and health professionals seek to answer pandemic challenges and promote the creation of a consistent, fair and professionally controlled health policy for the EU. The European Union should also use its position as a major international player to persuade international organizations, and its counterparts of the African Union to respond to pandemic defy accurately as well.

1. Introduction The continent of Africa, stretching over a huge geographical area and gifted with varied natural resources, had always been a continent of particular attraction for outside powers. Africa has continued its struggle with renewed vitality and energy to establish an equitable, just, and durable international economic order and at the same time taking appropriate domestic economic measures to mitigate the adverse effects of the policies of the outside powers. Most African states have been experiencing major economic, political, and social problems. In this regard, it seems that the horn of Africa is one of the most conflict prone regions of Africa. In the case of Ethiopia, it is not uncommon to experience a vicious cycle of famine and civil war. Although Ethiopians ancient past is scantily recorded in the passages of history, it has a history stretching back for more than three-thousand years. For instance, the earliest historical record dates back to the first century A.D. when the