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If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. AbstractPurpose -The purpose of this paper is to examine the reason for the failure of implementing performance-based budgeting (PBB) at Iranian public universities and research institutes (PURI). This examination focuses on the actors participating in the budget processes and their perceptions. Design/methodology/approach -The study uses grounded theory and employs deep semi-structured interviews of budget preparers at Iranian PURI. Findings -The results indicate a loose coupling between perceived and regulated budgeting process. This leads to budgetary slack as a barrier for authentic information flow and indeed PBB implementation. In the analysis of the results, the authors suggest some ways to improve the current situation of the budgeting processes at Iranian PURI. Practical implications -Public organizations that desire to transform their budgeting system need to consider their actors' perceptions regarding the budgeting process. By explicitly considering their perceptions the organization may be able to solve any loose coupling as a result of internal, external and behavioral conditions. Originality/value -This research examines issues that arise in the transformation of organizational processes. The focus on budget processes is critical for organizations which receive most, if not all, of their operational funds from a central authority. This research highlights the role of budget actors' perceptions in transforming the budgeting process. An important result of this analysis is documenting the existence of loose coupling in the current budgeting process at Iranian PURI. This loose coupling results in slack creation and restricts the implementation of a PBB system. Additionally, this loose coupling limits the flow of authentic information.

This paper examines the relationship between board characteristics and earnings management in Iranian firms. The results show that when the CEO is the board chair and if the board size grows, the level of earnings management would increase. However, when there are more non-executive and institutional directors on the board, the level of earnings management will be lower. Even holding more board meetings does not decrease the extent of earnings management and the presence of an audit committee does not have any significant influence on earnings management.

In this study the effect of accounting disclosure on value relevance in different stages of firm life cycle has been investigated. In order to do so, 101 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (Iran) between years 2005 to 2011 were chosen as sample. The sample firms were classified into four stages in the life cycle as Introduction, growth, maturity and Shake-Out (decline), by taking benefit from the cash flows pattern as a proxy for firm life cycle. Then in each of these stages of life cycle, the firms were classified into as high or low disclosure quality. The results of regression in ordinary least squares and Wald Test methods (to examine the significance of difference in the adjusted R squares) indicate that the relation between earnings and changes in earnings with stocks return (value relevance model) among the high and low quality disclosing companies at each stages of the life cycle are not significantly different from each other.