The A 2 A 1 -X 2 B 1 system of H 2 0 + has been observed, using laser absorption spectroscopy in a velocity-modulated discharge. A total of78 transitions between 14 794 and 15 475 em_, have been observed with an uncertainty ( 1 SD) of 0.02 em-1 , including 76 transitions in the (0,7,0)-(0,0,0) band and 2 in the (0,8,0):-(0,0,0) band. This species is important for cometary astronomy, and intriguing for molecular physics because of its prominent Renner-Teller interaction. Careful measurements were made of the relative intensities of the absorption lines, which were measured to an accuracy of 13% (1 SD). This is the first observation of the A-X transition in absorption; all previous data were obtained in emission with conventional grating spectroscopy. The transition frequencies of our new data are in good agreement with previous work, and have improved accuracy. The new data have definite rejection of the interfering lines from excited neutral H 2 that plagued previous work. Compared with previous work, the new data have the first quantitative measurement of intensities. The ratio of the Franck-Condon factors / 8 / / 7 = 0.99 ± 0.43 has been measured for the first time, where I,,= FCF[ (O,v',0)-(0,0,0) ].
Background
Garcinia is a tropical plant that has been traditionally used in medicinal folklore for its potential antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, etc. In this study, methanolic extract of Garcinia herbal supplement (GME) and its important phytoconstituents (Garcinol and hydroxycitric acid) were evaluated for their inhibitory action against important inflammatory markers iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. iNOS and COX-2 play a major role in the process of inflammation, and inhibition of these molecules will help to alleviate the inflammatory process. The cells were pre-treated with two doses of GME (115 µg/ml and 230 µg/ml); Ggarcinol (6 µM and 12 µM); hydroxycitric acid (17.5 µg/ml and 35 µg/ml) followed by stimulation with 1 µg/ml of LPS for 24 h.
Results
The results of the study demonstrated that Garcinia and its active components Garcinol and HCA play an important role in suppressing LPS-induced relative mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, and subsequent reduction in the levels of total nitric oxide and prostaglandinE2. Molecular docking analysis of Ggarcinol and HCA with iNOS and COX-2 proteins showed potent interactions with negative binding energies.
Conclusions
This study suggests that Garcinia possess anti-inflammatory activity thus providing a possibility for drug designing as iNOS and COX-2 inhibitor.
Graphical Abstract
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