Tea is a popular drink with refreshing and functional properties. Bud, 1st leaf, and 2nd leaf of five varieties of tea clones (Gumti Takda-78, Ambari, Chiniya, and Tinali, which are popular in tea plantation area of Nepal) were collected and used for preparing green and orthodox black tea to study antioxidant activity, phytochemicals profile, chemical content, and sensory parameters. One or two leaves were hand-plucked from each bush to get a sample of about 100 leaves and processed for green and orthodox black tea for different clones of tea plants. Phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and caffeine content were found higher in bud followed by 1st leaf and 2nd leaf for all clones of tea plants. Both types of tea (green and black) from Gumti were significantly (p<0.05) higher having tannin content, flavonoid content, total polyphenol content, caffeine content, and IC50 value of 49.15 and 36.23 (mg GAE/g dry extract), 358.9 and 350.4 (mg QE/g dry extract), 590.5 and 570 (mg GAE/g dry extract), 2.85 and 2.94%, and 45.15 & 51.88 μg/mL, respectively. Green and orthodox tea from Takda-78 was found higher in caffeine content and the least in Tinali for both types of tea. Moisture, water extract, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and crude fiber content in tea (green and black) from Gumti were found to be 5.4% & 5.37%, 65.89% & 71.46%, 5.524% & 6.52%, 0.46% & 0.57%, and 7.96% & 10.27%, respectively. The ratio of theaflavin and thearubigin (TF : TR) was found 1 : 8.61, 1 : 9.36, 1 : 9.70, 1 : 12.87, and 1 : 6.36 in Takda-78, Ambari, Gumti, Chiniya, and Tinali respectively. The total quality score in green tea (85.13%) and black tea (85.78%) from Gumti was significantly higher than others. Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of green tea were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of orthodox black tea for all clones of tea plant. This study suggests Gumti variety to be used in green and orthodox black tea processing for higher phytochemical, chemical, sensory quality, and antioxidant activity.
The rural out-migration for labour of Nepal is a common livelihood strategy at household level.
E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams, globally and volume of E-waste has been increasing day by day in developing countries, like Nepal. The aim of this paper is to assess the situation of E-waste in Nepal and its growing concerns of management. The study has utilized secondary information generated by published and unpublished documents. The paper revealed that socio-economic development and technological advancement are the main drivers of increasing trend of E-waste. The increasing trend of e-waste generation and lack legal provision in Nepal has come up as one of the major environmental problems and challenges for its proper management. Considering its adverse potential eco-toxicological impacts, the legal instrument of E-waste management is urgently needed addressing e-waste handling, storage, transportation, recycling, and final disposal.
The publication of scientific paper is an integral part of the research communication process and the career in academia. In the course of scholarly writing, writing an abstract for a scientific paper is both a crucial and challenging endeavor; it should be accurately represented succinct summary of an entire document. The paper discusses the basic format with essential key components of a good abstract for a scientific paper writing and provides a basic guidelines for novice researchers and academia. The paper is based on review of scientific paper, extracted systematically from ‘Google Scholar’ search engine by using basic search strategy. In fact, the primary purpose of an abstract writing is to facilitate the communication of key findings with the readers so they can easily and quickly ascertain the gist of an entire work. More importantly, when writing an abstract, the fundamental five key components such as research context and objectives, brief outline of materials and methods, key findings, conclusion and significance/implications should be taken into account to accurately represent the entire paper.
Climate change has become a significant threat to mankind in recent years. For the development of various adaptation strategies, it is essential to comprehend how people perceive climate change and its indicators. With this consideration, climate change is a glocal problem and discourse that is both global and local in nature. The paper attempts to discuss and analyse on people’s perception on climate change in both local and global contexts. This study is empirical in nature and is based on a review of the literature on how people perceive climate change at all scales, from local to global. For this purpose, systematic review method is used to analyse and discuss the electronic databases of literature search that was extracted by web based search engines. Among 232 literatures identified, 45 most relevant articles were selected for systematic review. The study indicates that the majority of people experienced and strongly perceived changes in climatic factors and events. Most of the local people perceived significant increase in climate change indicators in recent years and faced various level of impacts both local to global context. However, the climate change has affected on livelihood of the people living everywhere. As a result, it is crucial to focus on enhancing locals' capacity to cope to changing climate. The perceived knowledge and understanding of people on climate change can be helpful to cope with the potential risks and challenges of climate change in the future.
Peer review in scholarly communication and scientific publishing, in one form or another, has always been regarded as crucial to the reputation and reliability of scientific research. In the growing interest of scholarly research and publication, this paper tries to discuss about peer review process and its different types to communicate the early career researchers and academics.This paper has used the published and unpublished documents for information collection. It reveals that peer review places the reviewer, with the author, at the heart of scientific publishing. It is the system used to assess the quality of scientific research before it is published. Therefore, it concludes that peer review is used to advancing and testing scientific knowledgeas a quality control mechanism forscientists, publishers and the public.
This paper discusses gender stereotypes still embedded in Nepali society towards women due to the disbelief and misconception which shaping the expectations, attitudes, and behaviors toward women. This study also elucidates the sad reality of gender stereotype throughout the life of women (birth, marriage etc.) that have been practicing in the culture and making life vulnerable and challenging. The critical appraisal at the situation of Nepali women reveals a terrible realityas women are still tolerating gender stereotype practices in the society, even when everyone is aware of their rights and gender equality. In particular, some exceptional woman personalities such as Pasang Lhamu Sherpa (first Nepali woman and the second woman in the world to summit Mount Everest); Anuradha Koirala (CNN's Hero of the Year-2010); Puspa Basnet (CNN's Hero of the Year-2012) etc. are the epitome of rebellers of the gender stereotype in Nepal. In general, equal praise, motivation and right education to both child (son and daughter) starting from home can help them to build gender neutral attitude in the future. Therefore, capacity to defy all the odds of the society like these rebellers of stereotype and gender neutral attitude towards gender stereotypes are the foundation of way out for maintaining gender equality in Nepali society.
The refresher course training is pivotal for strengthening teachers’ commitment, sharing knowledge, increasing self-confidence, and keeping them up to date on current teaching learning activities. With this consideration, the aim of this paper is to assess the present syllabus of MA in Rural Development and evaluate the refresher course training program based on four levels of evaluation such as reaction, learning, behavior and result of the program. For that purpose, we purposively selected 25 participants who were associated in 21 campuses including Central Department. We applied survey based evaluation research method and Kirkpatrick four levels (reaction, learning, behavior and result) training evaluation model for assessing and examining outcomes of trainings. It reveals that the training program has evolved into an academic platform for students to share their personal experiences with course structure, teaching learning practices, and student performance. It has increased the capacity of the subject coordinators/teacher in terms of networking, course structure/function, performance assessment and constructivist pedagogy. Besides, they have developed a good network amongst the participants and resource persons. The major outputs of the program are SWOC analysis of course structure, 3Rs (Revisit, Revision and Restructure) course concept as well as list of lesson learn and new possible papers (course of study). Therefore, this short term training might brought long term impact improving course structure/function including pedagogical practices. Finally, course function scale, conceptual learning scale, Constructivist Pedagogy/learning theory scale, level four result/outcomes scale and characteristics of the participants are interlinked and associated significantly.
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