We hypothesized that endurance athletes have lower muscle power than power athletes due to a 25 combination of weaker and slower muscles, while their higher endurance is attributable to better oxygen 26 extraction, reflecting a higher muscle oxidative capacity and larger stroke volume. 27 Endurance (n=87; distance runners, road cyclists, paddlers, skiers), power (n=77; sprinters, throwers, 28 combat sport athletes, body builders), team (n=64; basketball, soccer, volleyball) and non-athletes 29 (n=223) performed a countermovement jump and an incremental running test to estimate their maximal 30 anaerobic and aerobic power (VO2max), respectively. Dynamometry and M-mode echocardiography 31 were used to measure muscle strength and stroke volume. The VO2max (L•min-1) was larger in 32 endurance and team athletes than in power athletes and non-athletes (p<0.05). Athletes had a larger 33 stroke volume, left ventricular mass and left ventricular wall thickness than non-athletes (p<0.02), but 34 there were no significant differences between athlete groups. The higher anaerobic power in power and 35 team athletes than in endurance athletes and non-athletes (p<0.001) was associated with a larger force 36 (p<0.001), but not faster contractile properties. Endurance athletes (20.6%) had a higher (p<0.05) 37 aerobic:anaerobic power ratio than controls and power and team athletes (14.0-15.3%). The larger 38 oxygen pulse, without significant differences in stroke volume, in endurance than power athletes 39 indicates a larger oxygen extraction during exercise. Power athletes had stronger, but not faster, muscles 40 than endurance athletes. The similar VO2max in endurance and team athletes and similar jump power 41 in team and power athletes, suggests that concurrent training does not necessarily impair power or 42 endurance performance. 43
The goal was to assess the aerobic capacity of boxers and its relation with sport mastery. Participants were 12 boxers from the Lithuanian national team (VO₂max - 58.03 ± 3.00 ml/kg/min) of different weight classes. Their sport mastery ranking was established according to their achieved results during the last years of participation in amateur boxing contests. In a graduated treadmill running test, the boxers' aerobic capacity indices were established. Running speed at first and second ventilatory thresholds, VO₂max, and maximal oxygen pulse had moderate to strong correlations with the boxers' sport mastery ranking. Aerobic capacity is an important fitness component of boxers in all weight categories. Special attention should be paid to development of cardiac capacity in the boxers' training processes, as with aerobic power and anaerobic threshold training.
Rengimasis dalyvauti varžybose yra svarbi paskata reguliariai sportuoti. Nemažai išbandyta sistemų norint palyginti įvairaus amžiaus sportininkų pajėgumą. Viena iš tokių — šiuo metu lengvojoje atletikoje naudojama rezultatų indeksavimo pagal amžių sistema. Ją taikant galima išsamiau analizuoti rezultatų kaitą, juos palyginti Šio straipsnio autoriai iškėlė tokį probleminį klausimą: „Kaip sukurti ir įdiegti koefi cientus, formules, pagal kurias būtų galima palyginti skirtingų amžiaus grupių plaukimo veteranų rezultatus?“. Tyrimo tikslas — sudaryti plaukimo veteranų varžybų rezultatų taškų skaičiavimo sistemą.Uždaviniai: 1) nustatyti plaukimo veteranų (vyrų ir moterų) varžybų rezultatų kaitos priklausomumą nuo amžiaus; 2) sudaryti plaukimo veteranų (vyrų ir moterų) varžybų rezultatų perskaičiavimo koefi cientų lenteles; 3) pasiūlyti plaukimo veteranų varžybų perskaičiuotų rezultatų pavertimo taškais sistemą ir išbandyti siūlomą reitingų sudarymo sistemą veteranų plaukimo varžybose.Duomenys paimti iš Pasaulio plaukimo veteranų geriausių 10 rezultatų lentelių. Vyresni nei 25 metų vyrai ir moterys buvo suskirstyti į penkerių metų intervalo amžiaus grupes. Vyriausių plaukikų amžiaus grupė — 90—94 metai. Analizuojami 1992—2005 m. rezultatai. Analizė atlikta palyginant tik amžiaus grupes, o 1992—2005 m. rezultatų kaita neanalizuota. Apskaičiuotas skirtingų amžiaus grupių rezultatų vidurkio ir 25—29 metų amžiaus grupės rezultatų vidurkio procentų skirtumas, koeficientai, o perskaičiuoti rezultatai paversti taškais pagal Tarptautinės plaukimo federacijos taškų lenteles ir sistemą, taikomą veteranų plaukimo varžybose sportininkų reitingui nustatyti.Atlikus tyrimą, galima padaryti tokias išvadas:1. Plaukikių varžybų rezultatai sparčiau ima blogėti po 75 metų amžiaus. Šis blogėjimas labiausiai pastebimas plaukiant krūtine, peteliške ir kompleksiniu būdu, tačiau lėtesnis įveikiant ilguosius nuotolius laisvuoju stiliumi.2. Vyrų, vyresnių nei 75 metų amžiaus, sprinto rungčių rezultatai blogėja lėčiau nei moterų ilgųjų nuotolių plaukimo laisvuoju stiliumi varžybose. Abiejų lyčių sporto veteranų plaukimo peteliške rezultatai blogėja greičiausiai, ypač po 75 metų amžiaus.3. Šiame straipsnyje pateikėme plaukimo veteranų rezultatus, pritaikydami mūsų sukurtus koefi cientus (indeksus), paverstus taškais. Indeksuotą rezultatą verčiant taškais, galima sėkmingai palyginti skirtingų amžiaus grupių sportininkų, plaukimo veteranų, meistriškumą.
SantraukaDarbo objektas -geriausių pasaulio universitetinių mokyklų sporto ir sveikatingumo pratybų įvairovė. Darbo tikslas -nustatyti, ar
Genetic variation is known to account for a large portion of the variation in muscle mass and strength/power in humans. However, few polymorphisms have been conclusively linked with these phenotypes. The myostatin signalling pathway is a source of potential candidates due to its involvement in muscle growth. Variation in myostatin itself has been shown to relate to muscle mass in humans; however, myostatin variation is rare in humans. Other studies have related variation in ACVR1B, a component of the myostatin signalling pathway, to strength/power phenotypes or to athlete status. However, this work still needs replication in large well phenotyped cohorts containing elite athletes. This study aims to replicate previous studies on the relationship between variation in the ACVR1B (rs2854464) G/A polymorphism and strength/power related phenotypes in well phenotyped Lithuanian athletes and controls.Participants DNA samples were from the GELAK cohort. This is comprised of 407 Lithuanians: 84 endurance athletes (END), 126 sprint-strength-power (SSP) and 197 controls (CON). Phenotypes related to stature (height, body mass, BMI), strength (isokinetic peak torque in left and right legs at 30 degrees per second), power (Wingate) and speed (30 m sprint). Genotypes were determined using bespoke RFLPs. Genotype distributions were compared by Chi squared. Odds ratios are reported as mean (lower to upper 95% confidence limits). Associations were established using GLM-ANOVA in Minitab. All GLM analyses were corrected for athlete group and age in months.The control sample was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allele frequencies were similar to those reported in 1000 Genomes database. ACVR1B rs2854464 genotype distributions differed between SSP v END (p = 0.015) groups only. AA homozygotes were 2.16 (1.22 to 3.81) times more likely to be END than SSP (p = 0.007). After correction for age and athlete group, ACVR1B rs2854464 variation associated with body mass (p = 0.042, V = 1.36%), BMI (p = 0.016, V = 1.76%) and Wingate total anaerobic work (p = 0.021, V = 1.72%) but not with height, isokinetic peak torque, Wingate peak power or 30 m sprint speed. In all significant relationships, AA homozygotes were significantly weaker than GA heterozygotes.Variation in ACVR1B rs2854464 differs between endurance and strength athletes. It also relates to body mass and quantitative measurements of muscle function. However, in contrast to previous work, carriers of the A-allele are less likely to be strength/power athletes and even after correction for age and athlete group, carriers of the A-allele are still likely to have lower body mass and have lower capacity for anaerobic work.ReferencesWindelinckx, et al. (2011) Comprehensive fine mapping of chr12q12-14 and follow-up replication identify activin receptor 1B (ACVR1B) as a muscle strength gene. Eur J Hum Gen 19:208–215.Voisin, et al. (2016) ACVR1B rs2854464 Is Associated with Sprint/Power Athletic Status in a Large Cohort of Europeans but Not Brazilians. PLoS One 11(6):e0156316.
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