The term natural family planning (NFP), both in the scientific terminology and in the practical language of health policy, is often referred to as natural contraception or fertility awareness–based methods (FABM). “NFP. A guide to providing services,” issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1988, presents NFP as a method inconsistent with any other contraceptive method but later published “Family Planning, a Global Handbook for Providers,” wherein NFP is not presented as a stand-alone method group but is grouped with FAB methods, which are combined with barrier contraception active during the fertile phase of a woman’s menstrual cycle if there is a desire to postpone pregnancy. In other words, the WHO family planning recommendations present FABM as one group of contraceptive methods. The WHO is the directing and coordinating authority on international health within the United Nations’ system. For these obvious reasons, the article mostly concentrates on WHO definition of FAMB. This article presents the anthropological and methodological differences between NFP (including and modern NFP methods that employ urinary hormone metabolite detection) and FABM and, through comparative analysis, determines that NFP is synonymous with neither FABM nor any of the methods of this group but is rather a distinct group of family planning methods. Summary: The term natural family planning (NFP), both in the scientific terminology and in the practical language of health policy, is often referred to as natural contraception or fertility awareness-based methods (FABM). The World Health Organization’s (WHO) is the directing and coordinating authority on international health within the United Nations’ system. WHO family planning recommendations present FABM as one group of contraceptive methods For these obvious reasons the article mostly concentrates on the WHO definition of FAMB. The article presents the anthropological and methodological differences between NFP and FABM and, through comparative analysis, determines that NFP is synonymous with neither FABM nor any of the methods of this group but is rather a distinct group of family planning methods.
Pagalbos poreikis moterims krizinio nėštumo metu: retrospektyvus tyrimasKrizinis nėštumas -Lietuvoje mažai tyrinėta problema. Trūksta tyrimų, kurie atskleistų moterų, išgyvenančių nėš-tumo krizę, pagalbos poreikį ir jos pobūdį. Kokybiniu tyrimu atskleidžiamas moterų, patiriančių krizinį nėštu-mą, pagalbos poreikis. Krizinio nėštumo metu moterys būtų norėjusios: psichologinės pagalbos, galimybės aptarti sprendimą su gydytojais, objektyvios informacijos apie abortą ir žmogaus gyvybės pradžią, aborto neskatinimo ir paskatinimo motinystei. Situaciją galėjo pakeisti problemos sprendimo paieška, vaiko gimimui palanki žinia, autoritetingas patarimas ir gydytojų informacija apie abortą. Didelę įtaką apsisprendžiant turi stiprus emocinis ryšys, pasitikėjimas patariančiu žmogumi.demand and the nature of help required by women who go through crisis pregnancy. Qualitative research shows would have wanted psychological help, a chance to discuss their choice with medical doctors, objective information on abortion and the beginning of human life, to be discouraged to choose an abortion and motivated for the about abortion told by a medical doctor could have changed their decision. Trust in the authority of person who helps women is very important for changing the decision. ĮvadasLietuva pagal abortų skaičių užima vieną iš pirmųjų vietų Europos Sąjungoje. Nors abortų skaičius per 20 metų sumažėjo net 8 kartus 1 , bet abortų problema šalyje tebelieka labai aktuali, nes:Lietuvoje iki šiol nėra nacionalinių teisės aktų, kurie apibrėžtų žmogaus gyvybės iki gimimo statusą 2 . Aborto atlikimo procedūrą reglamentuoja 1994 m. LR sveikatos apsaugos ministro išleistas įsakymas "Dėl nėštumo nutraukimo operacijos atlikimo tvarkos" 3 (juo buvo panaikintas nėštumo nutraukimo operacijų atlikimo tvarką patvirtinantis TSRS sveikatos apsaugos ministerijos 1982 03 16 įsakymas Nr. 234), nustatantis, jog, moteriai pageidaujant, leidžiama nutraukti nėštumą iki 12 savaičių, jei šiai operacijai nėra kontraindikacijų. Didesnį nei 12 sav. nėštumą leidžiama nutraukti, kai
Lithuania among EU countries takes place between countries with highest rate number of abortions. The majority of women after abortion experienced some psychological consequences. The problem of the study: there is no studies that would reveal the need for pastoral care for women, who experience a regret because of an unborn child loss. Also there is no scientifically data how such pastoral program works in Lithuania. The aim of the study: to disclose the emotions and behavior change after pastoral care program for women, who experience regret because of an unborn child lost. Methodology of the study. Five women with regret of an unborn child loss were involved in the study. For research diagnostic test was applied in order to determine the emotional and behavioral change in women participating in the study. Qualitative individual in-depth interview was applied as well. The data of the research have been analysed by content analysis method. Conclusion. The study showed that negative emotions and destructive behavior diminished after participation in the pastoral care program.
Vyriškumo ir moteriškumo raiška muzikos kanalo MTV rodomuose vaizdo klipuoseStraipsnyje analizuojami MTV televizijoje rodomi vaizdo klipai, siekiama atskleisti MTV muzikiniuose klipuose formuojamą vyriškumo ir moteriškumo įvaizdį. Atlikus 56 valandų MTV vaizdo klipų stebėseną, išanalizuoti 108 muzikiniai vaizdo klipai. Atlikta tyrimo analizė leidžia teigti, kad didžiąją dalį analizuotų vaizdo klipų galima priskirti pop-ir šokių muzikos žanrams, kurie ypač populiarūs tarp paauglių ir jaunų žmonių. Rezultatai parodė, jog moterys dažniau buvo pagrindinės klipų atlikėjos, nors vyrų grupės rodytos dažniau nei moterų. Moterys klipuose dažniau atliko antraeilius vaidmenis, dažniau nei vyrai rodytos kaip pabrėžtinai seksualios. Tuo tarpu vyrų apranga dažniau buvo neutrali. Lyčių skirtumai nustatyti ir analizuojant kūno sudėjimą. Nors didžiojoje vaizdo klipų dalyje vyrų ir moterų kūno sudėjimas gali būti vertintinas kaip vidutinis, normalus, moterys daug dažniau vaizduotos kaip lieknos, o vyrai dažniau buvo atletiški ir sportiški. Taip pat stebima tendencija, kad vaizdo klipuose nuogas ar apnuogintas moters kūnas rodomas dažniau nei vyrų. Klipuose ir vyrai, ir moterys vaizduojami panašiai dažnai įsitraukiantys į seksualinį elgesį. Seksualinis elgesys buvo būdingas 15 (41,7 proc.) klipuose vaizduojamų vyrų ir 21 (38,9 proc.) moteriai. Taigi galima teigti, jog seksualumas pristatomas kaip neginčijama vertybė ir vienodai primetamas tiek vyrams, tiek moterims.An aim of this study was to analyse the concept of masculinity and femininity proposed by MTV music videos. 56 hours of music video footage was inspected using formal observation, and 108 music videos were analysed. Study showed that most music videos belonged to pop and dance music genres, which are very popular among teenagers and young people. Results showed that women were in leading roles more often than men, though men bands occurred more often than women bands. Women more often performed secondary roles in music videos as well. Analysis of clothing in music videos revealed that women were portrayed more often as emphatically sexual, while men's clothing was mostly neutral. Gender differences are found in portrayal of body types. Even if most music videos display average or normal body, women more often were slim while men were athletic. Nudity or partial nudity was more often showed on women. In portrayal of women in music videos, most attention was paid to their physical appeal. Women were more often shown in submissive roles. However, various forms of sexual behaviour did not differ between genders. Vytenis SImOKAITISLietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas Birutė OBELENIENĖ Aistė PRANcKEVIČIENĖVytauto didžiojo universitetas
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