The increasing share of distributed energy resources (DER) in electricity production requires new sources and techniques in grid support services to keep the quality and reliability of power supply high. Addressing this matter, DER systems are required to follow technical grid connection requirements determined by distribution system operators (DSOs). Currently, these requirements widely differ from country to country. Recent studies suggest developing unified grid connection requirements for DER on the international level. This unification currently is the main activity for DSOs and standardisation organisations in the field of grid-connected DER. To support this activity, the present article (i) offers a status report on recent studies relevant to the harmonisation of DER grid connection requirements, and (ii) identifies and discusses current DER grid connection guides, namely standards of international and European standardisation organisations, as well as regulations of national DSOs from Austria, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Switzerland (German-speaking part) and the United Kingdom. The guides are collected and grouped according to the technical area and technology in a database: http://dergridrequirements.net. The database is a tool for finding relevant DER grid connection guides for a specific region, technical area and/or technology. The target audience of the database is DER system developers.
This article presents the concept of an automation and energy management system for neighbourhoods with high penetration of distributed renewable energy sources. It will be developed in the frame of the European FP7 research project EEPOS (Energy management and decision support systems for Energy POSitive neighbourhoods). The EEPOS system shows a semi-centralized structure where energy management is carried out on two levels: neighbourhood (centralized) and building (decentralized). The main aims of the neighbourhood level energy management system are (i) matching of local electricity generation and consumption, (ii) congestion management in local electricity grids and (iii) power balancing on electricity market level. These aims will be achieved by shifting of controllable electrical loads. Additional functions of the EEPOS system are statistical data analysis and end-user involvement in energy management processes
In the European FP7 research project BEAMS ( Building Energy Advanced Management System), an advanced and integrated Facility Management System with decentralized hierarchical structure is developed. The system is designed to enhance energy efficiency of facilities and infrastructures of public use and to enable them to provide local and smart grid related energy services by intelligent control and shifting of electric loads and generators (subsystems). Part of the BEAMS system is the so called "interoperability gateway" for monitoring and control of local subsystems. The document at hand presents the development and implementation of the first interoperability gateway prototype as well as an algorithm for scheduling of multiple storage-equipped loads considering boundary conditions as preset operation constraints and peak load limits. The BEAMS system is currently being tested at two sites, namely the campus of the University of Salento, Lecce, Italy and the sporting facility "Camp Nou" of the Futbol Club Barcelona, Spain
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