Bituminous Surface Treatment (BST) is single or double application of binder and chipping on prepared granular base or existing chipping layer or old asphalt concrete for preventive purposes. In Turkey, BST is widely preferred because of relatively lower cost and faster construction than those of conventional asphalt concrete. There are a few BST design method in the world and all are basically derived from first design method proposed by Hanson. UK design method has been used for about 50 years in Turkey. The long years experiences of BST applications has been revealed the need for new design method since the existing design values significantly need to be modified in the field. This paper proposes a new design method, namely "KGM Design Method", for single and double surface treatments considering laying season as well as Average Least Dimension of Aggregate, climate, surface characteristics, aggregate and binder properties.
Anahtar KelimelerÜstyapı performansı, Yüzey bozulmaları, IRI Özet: Esnek üstyapılarda görülen yüzey bozulmaları ile düzgünsüzlük arasında ilişkilerin araştırıldığı çalışmalar incelendiğinde sınırlı sayıda yüzey bozulma türünün dikkate alındığı görülmektedir. Literatüre katkı sağlamak amacıyla bu çalışmada, 13 adet yüzey bozulma türü ve bozulma şiddetleri ile birlikte toplam 32 adet üstyapı bozulması ile IRI arasındaki ilişkilerin matematiksel modelleme analizi yapılmıştır. Modelleme çalışmalarında doğrusal regresyon, değişkenli uyarlamalı regresyon eğrileri (MARS) ve yapay sinir ağları (YSA) yaklaşımları kullanılmıştır. Oluşturulan modellerin tahmin yetenekleri ortalama mutlak hata (OMH), kök ortalama karesel hata (KOKH), ortalama mutlak göreceli hata (OMGH) ve regresyon katsayısı (R 2 ) istatistiksel karşılaştırma yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Tahmin yeteneği en yüksek olan modelin YSA yaklaşımı kullanılarak oluşturulan model olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, YSA yaklaşımında girdi değişkenlerinin çıktı değişkeni üzerindeki etkileri bağlantı ağırlıklarına göre değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmeye göre, üstyapı bozulmaları oluşma nedenlerine (mekanizmalarına) göre incelendiğinde, IRI üzerinde % 43.8 yük kaynaklı, % 39 diğer sebepler kaynaklı ve % 17.2 iklim kaynaklı bozulmaların etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Some Approaches to the Modeling of Relationships between Surface Distresses and Roughness in Hot-Mixed Asphalts Keywords
Pavement performance, Surface distresses, IRIAbstract: When studies investigating the relationship between pavement roughness and surface distresses seen in flexible pavements are examined, a limited number of surface distress types are considered to be taken into account. In order to contribute to the literature, in this study, mathematical modeling analysis of relations between IRI and a total of 32 pavement distresses with 13 types of surface distress types and severities were carried out. Linear regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) approaches are used in modeling studies. Estimating capabilities of the analyzed mathematical models were evaluated using statistical comparison methods such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute relative error (MARE) and regression coefficient (R 2 ). The model constructed using the ANN approach was ascertained to be the model with the highest prediction accuracy. In addition, in the ANN approach, the effects on the output variable of the input variables are evaluated according to the connection weights. According to this evaluation, when pavement distresses are examined according to the cause of distress, it is concluded that 43.8 % of IRI is caused by load, 39 % is caused by other causes and 17.2 % is caused by climate.
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