The existence of non-inclusive households significantly reduces the effect of the interest rate change policy on households inter-temporal consumption decisions. Further, financial inclusion is closely related to fintech. On the one hand, fintech helps overcome the financial inclusion problem because fintech manages to reach those who were previously inaccessible by banks. On the other hand, fintech will change the payment system structure in an economy that will eventually affect the effectiveness of monetary policy. Using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) with the observation period of 2009–2018, this study aims to analyze the effects of financial inclusion and fintech on effectiveness of the Indonesian monetary policy within the framework of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy through interest rate channel with both the cost of capital effect and the substitution effect. The results demonstrate that financial inclusion level affects inflation rate as a proxy of effectiveness of the Indonesian monetary policy, both in the short run and long run. However, the effect of shocks in financial inclusion on inflation is not permanent. Meanwhile, fintech only affects inflation rate in the short run. However, shocks in fintech affect the volatility of inflation rate is permanent both through the substitution effect and the cost of capital effect.
This research aims to analyse the regional inflation volatility in Indonesia for the period of 1999-2009 from both monetary and fiscal sides. The data employed in this study are regional panel data consisting of 275 observations picked from several publications. The method of analysis used in this study is Fixed Effect Model. The proxy of monetary side is outstanding of loans in Rupiah and Foreign Currency of commercial and rural banks by project location of Provinces, and fiscal side is local government debt. This research finds both monetary and fiscal sides have positive relationship with the inflation volatility in Indonesia. However, only monetary side which has significant impact, but fiscal side does not. This finding further shows that the regional inflation in Indonesia is still a monetary phenomenon. Therefore, the solution to controll regional inflation in Indonesia is to manage credit rationing conducting by commercial and rural banks for every province.
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