Despite recent advances in activating immune cells to target tumors, the presence of some immune cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) or tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), may promote rather than inhibit tumor growth. However, it remains unclear how antibody-dependent tumor immunotherapies, such as cytotoxic or checkpoint control antibodies, affect different TAM or TAN populations, which abundantly express activating Fcγ receptors. In this study, we show that the tissue environment determines which cellular effector pathways are responsible for antibody-dependent tumor immunotherapy. Although TAMs derived from Ly6C monocytes recruited by the CCL2-CCR2 axis were critical for tumor immunotherapy of skin tumors, the destruction of lung tumors was CCL2-independent and required the presence of colony-stimulating factor 2-dependent tissue-resident macrophages. Our findings suggest that TAMs may have a dual role not only in promoting tumor growth in certain tissue environments on the one hand but also in contributing to tumor cell destruction during antibody-mediated immunotherapy on the other hand.

Genetic differences between humans and in vivo model systems, including mice and nonhuman primates, make it difficult to predict the efficacy of immunoglobulin G (IgG) activity in humans and understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying that activity. To bridge this gap, we established a small-animal model system that allowed us to study human IgG effector functions in the context of an intact human immune system without the interference of murine Fcγ receptors expressed on mouse innate immune effector cells in vivo. Using a model of B cell depletion with different human IgG variants that recognize CD20, we show that this humanized mouse model can provide unique insights into the mechanism of human IgG activity in vivo. Importantly, these studies identify the bone marrow as a niche with low therapeutic IgG activity.

An immune response needs to be tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation, which may result in the destruction of healthy tissues. At the molecular level, the strength of an immune response is determined by the integration of a multitude of positive and negative signals. This review will focus on IgG-dependent immune responses and discuss how the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB may be involved in regulating both the afferent and efferent phases of such a response. Furthermore, we will discuss recent evidence suggesting that FcγRIIB may have important functions beyond the negative regulation of signals transduced by the B-cell receptor or activating FcγRs and could be responsible for the activity of agonistic antibodies in vivo.

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