Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a rare cystic lung lesion formed as a result of anomalous development of airways in fetal life. Majority of the cases are recognized in neonates and infants with respiratory distress with very few presenting later in adult life. A 24-year-old male with history of three separate episodes of pneumonia in the last 6 months presented with left sided pleuritic chest pain for 4 days. He was tachycardic and tachypneic at presentation. White blood count was 14 × 109/L. Chest X-ray showed left lower lobe opacity. CT angiogram of thorax showed a well-defined area of low attenuation in the left lower lobe with dedicated pulmonary arterial and venous drainage and resolving infection, suggesting CPAM. He underwent left lower lobe lobectomy. Histopathology confirmed type 2 CPAM. CPAM is a rare congenital anatomic abnormality that can present with recurrent infections in adults. As a number of cases remain asymptomatic and symptomatic cases are often missed, prevalence of CPAM might be higher than currently reported.

Background & Objectives:Vascular injury diagnosis and management can be challenging and need expert clinical judgments. The current study aims to present diagnostic methods and management outcome in vascular injury patients attending our centre.Materials & Methods: The study  is a prospective study conducted during the study period of one and half years (From January 2015 to June 2016). Diagnosis of vascular injury was done by clinical examination, hand Doppler or in conjugation with duplex scan/CT Angiography. Primary vascular repair with end to end anastomosis was carried out whenever technically feasible; however, if it was not possible interposition reversed saphenous graft (SVG) was used to complete the repair.Results:Out of hundred cases of vascular injury, 77% were male and 23% female with a mean age of 35.18± 16.93 years. The majority of the cases 53% were diagnosed by duplex study followed by additional imaging by CT angiography in 30% cases and 17% cases were diagnosed only on clinical judgment. The main type of vascular injury was a complete transaction in 62% of cases followed by complex wall defect in 22%. The most common type of vascular reconstruction was end-end anastomosis in 76% of cases followed by ligation and haemostasis in 13% and reverse SVG graft repair in six percent of cases.Conclusion:The study concluded with the observation that early presentation, diagnosis and management including initial resuscitation and definitive multi-specialist surgical approach are paramount for excellent outcome after vascular injury.

Introduction: Evidence based guidelines regarding the use of magnesium sulfate in tetanus is lacking. Hence, our objective was to compare two infusion doses of magnesium sulfate to control the tetanic spasms. Methods: Data of 14 adult male patients admitted in the intensive care unit were retrieved. Twelve adult ventilated patients received magnesium infusion as an adjunct to diazepam therapy to control tetanic spasms. We retrospectively divided them into two groups for comparison. Group 1 patients (n=7) received a smaller dose (<1 g.h-1) than group 2 (n=5) (1.5 to 2 g.h-1). Results: The duration of symptoms before arrival to hospital was significantly longer in group 1 than group 2. The Ablett severity grade was II in three patients in group 1 and III in all patients of group 2. In Ablett severity grade III patients, the diazepam dose used was significantly higher in group 1 (n=4) (292±48 mg.d-1) than group 2 (n=3) (106±9 mg.d-1) as magnesium infusion dose was restricted due to hypotension in group 1. Amongst the patients who received MgSO4 for ≥10 days, the requirement of diazepam was significantly reduced in the second week (174.1±59.2 mg/d) than the first week (325.4±105.9 mg.d-1) of infusion in group 2 (n=4) but not in group 1 patients (n=4). Conclusions: The larger dose of MgSO4 infusion was titrated to control tetanic spasms as an adjunct to diazepam in select group of patients without hypotension. Uncontrolled hypotension, cardiac arrhythmia and renal failure were the factors to limit its infusion dose.Keywords: MgSO4; magnesium sulphate; tetanus.

The OSLC is a safe and feasible alternative compared with CLC in experienced hands, and it is superior for outcomes regarding pain control and cosmesis.