This article investigates the role of the final expenditure components in determining Nepal's imports from India using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach based on the annual data for the period 1975-2011. The results of bounds testing procedure show that there exists the cointegration between Nepal's imports from India and its determinants: personal consumption expenditure, government consumption expenditure, investment, exports and relative prices. Among the expenditure components, personal consumption expenditure is a major determinant of import demand from India, with its significant positive impact. The government expenditure is found to have no significant impact on Nepal's imports from India. Gross domestic investment and exports have negative impact on Nepal's import demand from India, whereas the relative prices have positive impact, indicating lack of substitutes for Indian imports. Trade liberalization also has positive impact on Nepal's import from India. JEL: F14

This paper analyzes the money demand function for Nepal during the period of the FY 1997/98 to FY 2009/10 using annual data. The empirical results imply that the cointegration tests clearly show the existence of the long-run relationship between real money balances and its determinants, output and interest rate. The vector error correction model has proved the short-run relationship between the real money balances and its determinants. Furthermore, Dynamic OLS estimation of the money demand function indicate that the sign of coefficients of the output and interest rate were found to be consistent with the assumption of the money demand theories.

This paper examines the bank lending channel of monetary policy transmission in Nepal using data during 2003-2012. Using the dynamic Arellano-Bond GMM estimation with annual data of 25 Nepalese commercial banks, this study tries to estimate the loan supply responses of Nepalese commercial banks, depending on their balance sheet characteristics. The main results suggest that banks play a role in Nepal's monetary transmission mechanism. Empirical result shows that the bank lending decreases after a monetary tightening. Bank size is found to have significant impact on loan supply in Nepal. Similarly, liquidity in the case of private sector banks is also playing a significant role in bank lending in response to monetary policy changes. But, capitalization is found to have no significant impact on bank lending. The bank loan supply is also found to be significantly affected by gross domestic product.

This paper investigates the demand for money in Nepal using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach for the period of 1975-2011.The results based on the bounds testing procedure reveal that there exist the cointegration among the real money aggregates (Mr1 and Mr2 ), real income, inflation and interest rate. The real income elasticity coefficient is found to be positive and the inflation coefficient is negative. The interest rate coefficient is negative for both of the real monetary aggregates supporting the theoretical explanation. In addition, the error correction models suggest that the deviations from the long-run equilibrium are short-lived in Mr1 than Mr2 . Finally, the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests reveal that the Mr1 money demand function is stable, but Mr2 money demand function is not stable implying that the monetary policy should pay more attention to Mr1 than Mr2 .

Estimation of potential output and output gap is one of the key issues for the conduct of macroeconomic policies and structural reforms in the long-run as the idea of output gap helps decide on the stance of such policies. A positive output gap, for instance, indicates that aggregate demand exceeds the productive capacity of the economy resulting into inflationary pressure. In contrast, a negative output gap is associated with recession, spare capacity, disinflation, and unemployment rate above the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment. In case of Nepal, the potential output grew by 4.3 percent during 1976-2017. While potential output growth was above 4.5 percent during the 1980s and 1990s, fall in total factor productivity limited such growth to 4 percent on average after 2000. The results show that output gaps in Nepalese case are mainly determined by the supply shocks like weather conditions, natural disasters, and supply disruptions rather than fluctuations in aggregate demand.