The paper reports the findings on the concentrations of  heavy metals in ten different fish feed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The level of heavy metal concentrations (dry weight) in the fish feed ranged from 1.17 to 2.0, 2.33 to 4.67, 5.17 to 21.67, 106.67 to 363.3, 3.5 to 7.16, 3.83 to 21.2, 56.7 to 141.6 and 2.1 to 16.49 mg/kg of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cr respectively. The concentrations of Fe, Pb, Co, Cr in different brands of fish feed exceeded the maximum permissible limits recommended by FAO/WHO and EU whereas the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn were within acceptable limits. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 2, 207-210, 2018

Although landfill leachate is a small volumetric fraction compared to municipal wastewater, its complexity raises concerns for researchers and practitioners. Emerging and novel treatment technologies are being investigated to address landfill leachate treatment challenges. In the past decade, leachate research shifted from the removal of contaminants to the simultaneous recovery of resources and removal of contaminants. While resource recovery is appealing, it is also questionable due to the economic feasibility and post-environmental impact of applied resources. Various emerging contaminants may remain in recovered resources, making recovery a less preferred option. Because of the ineffectiveness of biological treatment of emerging contaminants, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, leachate cotreatment has been restricted in some wastewater treatment plants. Thus, in the wake of emerging contaminants and stringent regulations, it seems wiser to develop effective, integrated leachate treatments in lieu of widely practiced biological cotreatment. The solid waste industry needs viable, cost-efficient, and readily executable technologies to effectively handle the upcoming need. Thus, in this paper, academic and industry experts discuss the progress, challenges, and future of leachate treatment. This paper provides a forward-thinking evaluation of the past decade’s advancements and challenges in the field of landfill leachate treatment.

The leather industry has been marked as a top-priority sector due to its potential growth and economical contribution in Bangladesh. However, these industries are unable to meet the compliance issue due to the environmental pollution. Leather processing is a complex process based on chemicals and mechanical methods. A substantial amount of solid and liquid wastes is generally produced during the production of leather. As most of the tanneries do not have a central effluent treatment plant and advanced management technologies, they produce 20000 m3 of liquid waste and 232 tonnes of solid waste per day in Bangladesh, which poses a significant risk to the environment and human health unless it gets well treated. In this modern era, it is indispensable to implement new technologies to treat liquid waste properly as well as innovative disposal techniques for solid waste to reduce pollution and health hazards. This study, by using a non-systematic approach based on literature reviews, is designed to summarize the kinds of solid and liquid waste management techniques around the world which should be implemented in the tanneries of Bangladesh to mitigate environmental pollution. We hope that this study can be a great resource and provide a pathway for leather industries in Bangladesh to get familiar with effective treatment technologies of solid and liquid wastes.

Bangladesh has experienced massive industrial growth in the past century. With the impressive industrial development, the country struggles to meet the demand for water and manage the wastewater generated. This paper critically analyzes Bangladesh's three significant industrial wastewaters: textile, tannery, and landfill leachate. The textile and leather industries are major freshwater consumers and wastewater generators in Bangladesh. Most textile factories across Bangladesh operate without effluent treatment plants, causing severe water pollution. Unlike textile plants, most tanneries are located in Savar, Dhaka. Savar's newly constructed central effluent treatment plant has serious design flaws and cannot meet discharge standards. Bangladesh has only three sanitary landfills for municipal solid waste disposal. With inadequate leachate collection and treatment facilities, the landfills have become point sources of surface water and groundwater pollution. The pollution of water resources is devastating as Bangladesh depends on surface water for irrigation and groundwater for drinking. Although Bangladesh has mandated laws and regulations for water pollution control, the lack of implementation is a significant problem. To get a better handle on industrial water demand and wastewater treatment, the Bangladesh government and the Department of Environment should work together to implement stricter laws and regulations and emphasize technical workforce development and stakeholder training.

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Contamination of heavy metals in fish feed ingredients is regarded as a major crisis globally especially in developing countries because it may be the source of toxicity in the food chain. Fish farming in Bangladesh is growing very rapidly and fish available in the markets are mostly coming from fish farms where fish farmers mostly use commercial fish feeds manufacturing with different ingredients. In this study, several types of ingredients based on different origins were collected from several areas and after measuring dry weight these were digested by a mixture of acids. This study is concerned to access the toxic and essential metals in different fish feed ingredients which are frequently used to produce commercial fish feed in Bangladesh. The concentration (mg kg-1 dry weight) range of toxic metals such as; Pb (0.56- 1.73), Cd (0.12-0.97), Cr (0.15-0.88), As (BDL), Hg (BDL), Ni (1.10-2.50) and essential metals such as; Fe (13.57-48.96), Cu (10.11-28.09), Zn (10.60-26.25), Na (12.07-35.00), K (13.06-28.97), Ca (10.00-47.96) in selected fish feed ingredients were recorded by Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Optima 7000DV) with significant variation (P<0.05). The analyzed toxic and essential metal concentrations in most of the ingredients were within the safe limit proposed by World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and European Union indicating no health risk.

Environmental pollution is a major concern for leather industry. During leather processing, a large amount of waste is generated and their disposal into water bodies without proper treatment has a detrimental effects on environment. Tannery effluent is composed of several kinds of liquid waste: soak, lime, delime & bate, pickle & chrome. Deliming is one of the important steps in leather processing which is mainly based on ammonium salts. In conventional deliming process, a significant amount of ammonia is released which leads to further demand for critical wastewater treatment. Ammonia gas is highly soluble in water and responsible to create adverse environment for aquatic life. In this research work some weak organic acids like tartaric acid, propanoic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid and para-hydroxy benzoic acid were used as deliming agent to decrease the pH of the reaction mixture as well as to reduce pollution load in tannery waste water. Deliming efficiency of used weak acids, physico-chemical properties of tannery effluent and physical properties of leather such as tensile strength, tear strength, lastometer test, water vapor permeability, flexing endurance and color fastness were comparable with the conventional delimed leather. The experimental results showed that the significant amount of pollution load as well as the costing of finished leather processed by developed deliming agent was significantly reduced although the quality of leather remain similar or better than conventional method.

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